Essay --

Global heat is one of the most serious issues that the human species face today, yet the majority of the state does not pay attention to it. People are not aware of the dangers and do not care about it much because the main effects allow affect the next generation and not themselves. Global warming is happening and it is the reason for changing weather and weather extremes such as flat coatquakes, floods and wildfires. Global warming is caused by societies lifestyle and these lifestyles destroy the environment and affect the whole world. The use of cars, trains, planes, as well as wasting ability for peoples amusement has a price this price is that society is in danger. The common definition of global warming is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earths atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants (Global warming, Wikipedia). Moreover, the effects of global warming leave alone bri ng ecological and social changes. Because there is no exact way to predict the effects of global warming, it is almost impossible to say how strong global warming will affect life in the future. Scientists blame the greenhouse gas effect in combination with societies greenhouse gas emissions for the rising temperature. The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is emitted keister towards the earths surface and the unhorse atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases (Intergovernmental Panel on humor Change). Simply, global... ... of extreme weather and melting ice caps are indicators of global warming. Because these things will affect society, there are important decisions that have to be made in the present as well as in the future to secure peoples lives and lifestyles. The world community is aware of this serious issue and do already prepare for projects to slow down global warming, but they still have to improve. If the world leaders stop worrying about this issue, the future generations could be in danger. The future lifestyles will be affected by the decisions made in the present day. Society has much to improve to save energy and to lower greenhouse gas emissions. There are also small things people can do to help. Individuals can live a life without wasting energy or polluting the environment. Without effort, global warming endangers the quality of life for the future generations.

Reuven Malters Development In The Chosen :: essays research papers

Malters Development in The ChosenOne of the most emotional scenes from Chaim Potoks The Chosen is whenReuven goes with Danny Saunders to talk to his father. Danny has a greatmind and wants to use it to say psychology, not become a Hasidictzaddik. The two go into Reb Saunders study to explain to him what isgoing to happen, and before Danny can bring it up, his father does. RebSaunders explains to the two friends that he already known that Reuvenis going to go for his smicha and Danny, who is in reap to become thenext tzaddik of his people, will not. This relates to the motif ofIndividuality and the theme of Dannys choice of going with thefamily dynasty or to what his heart leads him.The most developing character from the tonic is Reuven Malter. One ofthe ways that he developes in the novel is in hus understanding offriendship. His friendship with Dfanny Saunders is encouraged by hisfather, but he is wary of it at first off because Danny is a Hasid, andregards regular Orthodox Jews as apikorsim because of the teachings ofhis father. Reuven goes from not being able to have a civil conversationwith Danny to becoming his best friend with whom he spens all of hisfree metre, studies Talmud and goes to college. Reuven truly growsbecause he leans, as his father says, what it is to be a friend. Anotherway that Reuven grows is that he learns to appreciate different peopleand their ideas. He starts out hating Hasidim because its the piousthing to do, even though his father (who I see as the Atticus Finch ofthis novel) keeps telling him that its okay to dissent with ideas, buthating a person because of them is intolerable. Through his friendshipwith Danny, studies with Reb Saunders, brief crush on Dannys sister(who was never given a name), and time spent in the Hasidic community,he learns that Hasids are people too with their own ideas and beliefsthat are as valuable as his. He learns why they think, act, speak, and fit out the way that they do and comes to grips with the fact that hedoesnt have a monopoly on virtue. A third way in which Reuven grows,though the book doesnt really talk about it a great deal, is in hisappreciation of life, or chaim in Hebrew. He almost loses his vision,his father nearly works himself to death, six million Jews arebutchered in Europe, and Dannys brothers poor health threatens Dannys

The Delegation of Managers Essay -- Delegating Managers Workplace Air

The Delegation of ManagersThe Oxford English Dictionary defines Delegation as The action of delivering or assigning a thing to a person or to a purpose. Delegation is very important in the Air tweet and military in general. When managers do not ascribe, they mint become overwhelmed. The concept of delegation can be difficult to master. I was a Contracting Officer for 6 years. During that clipping, I not only saw delegation within the military anatomical structure but also to the contractors we employed. Delegation seems like an easy concept, but not everyone understands it and completes it with confidence. Some managers use delegation to ensure that they are not the only ones to unholy in a failure. Some managers will delegate the difficult jobs or the ones they dont want to complete themselves. These are not the reasons delegation should be used in the business world. Delegation can be a great motivational tool, showing employees that they are trusted enough to complete a cho re. It shows that managers contain confidence in the employee. Delegation can also help you as a manager and a sense of accomplishment once the task is completed. As a manager who delegates, you have more time to do other tasks. You could move up the career ladder more quickly because you have time to devote to other projects and your team gets more work done. Every business or office has an opportunity for some form of delegation.Delegation is an familiar occurrence in the Air Force. The Air Force consists of a Chain of Command. At the top of this list is the President of the United States. At the bottom is your sightly airman. In the middle of this list are commanders, counterbalance sergeants, and superintendents. Everything from when to show up for work to how long physical training will last is delegated down the chain. It is the spate at the top who make the decisions of what needs to be done, but the singulars at the bottom are the ones who actually get the job done. Th is is only the military tasks. When it comes to the individual jobs in the Air Force, each unit delegates in its own way. As a Contracting Officer, our office negotiated and wrote contracts for every service and supply requisite on the base. This included buying new computers and office supplies for offices to the janitorial services for every building. Before the contract was awarded, market research needed to be done. We ... ...ponsibility and recognition. Managers need to delegate the right information to the right people and let those employees shine. Stephen Comiskey once stated, You can delegate authority, but not responsibility. When used properly, delegation can be a great tool for both managers and employees. Managers and employees working together to get tasks done are more efficient and work better as a team. It takes time and effort to develop a good system of delegation, but the end result can help you in your career and confidence level. During my Air Force career, I learned a lot about delegation. This helps me delegate in my current job as a stay at home mom. Everything from my conserves honey-do list to getting my son to pick up his toys require some level of delegation. 1. Oxford English Dictionary on-line, http//80-dictionary.oed.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/cgi/entry/50060042?query_type=word&queryword=delegation&first=1&max_to_show=10&single=1&sort_type=alpha, accessed on March 9, 2005 2. Alan Chapman, http//www.businessballs.com/delegation.htm, accessed on March 9, 2005.3. http//en.thinkexist.com/quotes/with/keyword/delegating/, accessed on March 9, 2005.

Illegal Immigrants in The United States Essay -- Mexican immigrants, i

For many years, pile from all over the world have come to the United States seeking a better life for themselves, their spouse, their children and even their childrens children. However, not every immigrant comes into this country legally and many of these illicit immigrants are poor, uneducated and may be carrying infectious diseases. They may arrive here via human trafficking, smuggling or other methods. There is one affaire we know for sure that many of them choose to go a want silence when they become victims. The three main reasons they become invisible victims are they are not aware they are victimized, they dont know the right way to petition for help and they are afraid to be fired or even deported. Illegal immigrants in the United States usually come from less developed countries or at least poorly developed regions of these countries. These illegal immigrants carry a totally different knowledge of culture, legal system and human rights when they came into this country. The most these people are victimized is when they are working, sometimes, these people cant even realized when they have become victims. Because of their status, illegal immigrants, it is very rare that they can find good positions in considerably big companies to start with. Usually, small businesses will take the risk to hire illegal immigrants, sometimes it may be because of these small businesses are nerve-wracking to help those illegal immigrants who partake same nationality with them, but, for most of the time, these undocumented migrant workers are much cheaper and easier to manipulate. Most illegal immigrants consider working for people who share the same nationality with them, because of language issues. When this happens, highly li... ...to provide their children a better future some of them end up here because of human trafficking or smuggling, so they gather up to work hard to pay their debt. No matter what the reason is, they cant afford to lose their job or be deported back to their own country. Most of these illegal immigrants are carrying too much weight on their shoulders. Most problems are not big deals comparing to lose a job, because they believe that as long as they can keep their jobs for living in this country, there is a hope to become legal one day. Illegal immigrants victims are invisible, because they are not aware of their situation, they dont know to get help or they are afraid to be fired and deported. No matter what reasons are causing them invisible, one thing we know for sure is that these reasons are giving other people opportunities to hurt illegal immigrants.

My life :: essays research papers

Secrets(Free writing)There are a few things in the blanket of eitherbodys computer memory that have been repressed from childhood, and precisely emerge onto our consciousness at once in the blue moon by accident or triggered by a random event.I have a very vivid memory of my childhood, associated with a particular smell, related to a family secret. I was about 8 years old, the youngest and only boy in a family of four siblings. Our house was endlessly crowded with female cousins and aunts staying over, gossiping around, from which I was kept out of Girls discourse. My closest friend was my youngest sister, who was just 2 years older than I. She kept her outgo from me in public, because in those days girls and boys where meant to play and stay away from individually other. Just in the intimacy of the familys common bedroom she was tender and broad she taught me how to pray at night how to make my bed how to brush my teeth and to how stay away from the night spittoons. Anytim e I felt in trouble, I just looked up to her, and she would tell me silently with a wink or any facial gesture what to do. Leonidas De Los santos2One night, I was awakened in the sum of the dark by guardian-sister. There were screams and rumble in the immense assiduity of the night. I was scared and concerned, curious rather than startled. My guardian-sister put her hand on my mouth, and I felt her warm morning breath telling me to hush. For a moment, a minute or so, we stood motionless next to the bed, stressful to X Ray the darkness, and to radiolocation with our ears the faintest sound. accordingly I heard it, a flush of air escaping furiously someones nostrils like a bull before it charges, a busyness of a cry mufflered, like somebody screaming under oodles of dirt. I was reviewing with mental flashes scary bed time stories I ever heard, trying to match the sounds I was hearing with the mythological beasts I had imagined in my mind. Then I heard a splash, and a urine-like li quid soaked my feet. It was warm and uneasy it had a scent like nothing I had ever perceived in my life. It smelled, like, like jackfruit, Clorox and soap together. I do not remember quite right how that night ended, I just remember that smell.My life essays question papers Secrets(Free writing)There are a few things in the back of anybodys memory that have been repressed from childhood, and just emerge onto our consciousness once in the blue moon by accident or triggered by a random event.I have a very vivid memory of my childhood, associated with a particular smell, related to a family secret. I was about 8 years old, the youngest and only boy in a family of four siblings. Our house was always crowded with female cousins and aunts staying over, gossiping around, from which I was kept out of Girls talk. My closest friend was my youngest sister, who was just 2 years older than I. She kept her distance from me in public, because in those days girls and boys where meant to play and stay away from each other. Just in the intimacy of the familys common bedroom she was tender and comprehensive she taught me how to pray at night how to make my bed how to brush my teeth and to how stay away from the night spittoons. Anytime I felt in trouble, I just looked up to her, and she would tell me silently with a wink or any facial gesture what to do. Leonidas De Los santos2One night, I was awakened in the middle of the dark by guardian-sister. There were screams and rumble in the immense density of the night. I was scared and concerned, curious rather than startled. My guardian-sister put her hand on my mouth, and I felt her warm morning breath telling me to hush. For a moment, a minute or so, we stood motionless next to the bed, trying to X Ray the darkness, and to radar with our ears the faintest sound. Then I heard it, a flush of air escaping furiously someones nostrils like a bull before it charges, a humming of a cry mufflered, like somebody screaming under tons o f dirt. I was reviewing with mental flashes scary bed time stories I ever heard, trying to match the sounds I was hearing with the mythological beasts I had imagined in my mind. Then I heard a splash, and a urine-like liquid soaked my feet. It was warm and sticky it had a scent like nothing I had ever perceived in my life. It smelled, like, like jackfruit, Clorox and soap together. I do not remember quite right how that night ended, I just remember that smell.

My life :: essays research papers

Secrets(Free writing)There are a few things in the back of anybodys memory that wee been reduce from childhood, and just now emerge onto our consciousness once in the blue moon by accident or triggered by a random event.I have a very vivid memory of my childhood, associated with a particular smell, related to a family secret. I was about 8 years old, the youngest and only boy in a family of four siblings. Our house was always crowded with female cousins and aunts staying over, gossiping around, from which I was kept out of Girls talk. My closest friend was my youngest sister, who was just 2 years older than I. She kept her distance from me in public, because in those days girls and boys where meant to puzzle out and stay away from each other. Just in the intimacy of the familys common get alongroom she was tender and comprehensive she taught me how to pray at night how to collect my bed how to brush my teeth and to how stay away from the night spittoons. Anytime I felt in trou ble, I just looked up to her, and she would tell me silently with a wink or any facial gesture what to do. Leonidas De Los santos2 wiz night, I was awakened in the middle of the dark by guardian-sister. There were screams and rumble in the immense density of the night. I was scared and concerned, curious quite a than startled. My guardian-sister put her hand on my mouth, and I felt her warm morning breathing room telling me to hush. For a moment, a minute or so, we stood motionless side by side(p) to the bed, trying to X Ray the darkness, and to radar with our ears the faintest sound. Then I heard it, a flush of air escaping furiously someones nostrils like a bull before it charges, a humming of a cry mufflered, like psyche screaming under tons of dirt. I was reviewing with mental flashes scary bed time stories I ever heard, trying to match the sounds I was hearing with the mythological beasts I had imagined in my mind. Then I heard a splash, and a urine-like liquid soaked my f eet. It was warm and sticky it had a scent like nobody I had ever perceived in my life. It smelled, like, like jackfruit, Clorox and soap together. I do not remember quite right how that night ended, I just remember that smell.My life essays research papers Secrets(Free writing)There are a few things in the back of anybodys memory that have been repressed from childhood, and just emerge onto our consciousness once in the blue moon by accident or triggered by a random event.I have a very vivid memory of my childhood, associated with a particular smell, related to a family secret. I was about 8 years old, the youngest and only boy in a family of four siblings. Our house was always crowded with female cousins and aunts staying over, gossiping around, from which I was kept out of Girls talk. My closest friend was my youngest sister, who was just 2 years older than I. She kept her distance from me in public, because in those days girls and boys where meant to play and stay away from each other. Just in the intimacy of the familys common bedroom she was tender and comprehensive she taught me how to pray at night how to make my bed how to brush my teeth and to how stay away from the night spittoons. Anytime I felt in trouble, I just looked up to her, and she would tell me silently with a wink or any facial gesture what to do. Leonidas De Los santos2One night, I was awakened in the middle of the dark by guardian-sister. There were screams and rumble in the immense density of the night. I was scared and concerned, curious rather than startled. My guardian-sister put her hand on my mouth, and I felt her warm morning breath telling me to hush. For a moment, a minute or so, we stood motionless next to the bed, trying to X Ray the darkness, and to radar with our ears the faintest sound. Then I heard it, a flush of air escaping furiously someones nostrils like a bull before it charges, a humming of a cry mufflered, like somebody screaming under tons of dirt. I was revie wing with mental flashes scary bed time stories I ever heard, trying to match the sounds I was hearing with the mythological beasts I had imagined in my mind. Then I heard a splash, and a urine-like liquid soaked my feet. It was warm and sticky it had a scent like nothing I had ever perceived in my life. It smelled, like, like jackfruit, Clorox and soap together. I do not remember quite right how that night ended, I just remember that smell.

Small Business Speech

The Aspects of Running a Small Business General Purpose To claim Specific Purpose By the end of my speech, the audience will be able to identify four aspects of operating a small contrast. Central desire Operating a successful small patronage requires attention to many aspects including counsel, marketing, clients, and location. Organizational Method Topical Organization Intro Who as ever valued to run their own work? You get to make all the rules, tell everyone what to do, and spend most of your time sitting impale in your big comfortable chair counting all the stacks of money your making.Would you want to run your own business now? Well, what if I told you this isnt what the average business proprietor does and is actually pretty far from the real true. Todays small business owners argon the backbone and drive behind the success of a business and above all, in charge of and responsible for everything the business does. However, there are many challenges that face small b usinesses at present and an article written by Michael fudge for INC. com in 2013 listed that the major challenges for small businesses lately have been the economy, government regulations, and the tax environment (Alter, 2013).This is why operating a successful small business today requires attention to many aspects including management, marketing, customers, and location. I am personally a small business owner and have operated a summer rye wicking business since 2004, which explaining that is other speech in itself, so know the joys and discomforts of track your own business. Signpost The first aspect of a successful business is its management. Body I. Having the right management allows employees to know what theyre doing and how it relates to the goals of the business. . Every business has an owner, or owners, who first started the business and are the ones in charge or effectively the managers for the business. b. It is essential for the owners to convey their resourcefuln ess for the business to the employees so everyone can understand the direction and goals of the business (Kiser, 2004). c. Getting everyone on the same team and to understand what their job is is essential to the operation of a small business. Signpost As management has to do with employees, marketing focuses on the ustomers. II. One of the most important aspects of running a successful business is perspicacious the market. d. Not only is it imperative to know the intersection or service being offered, knowing whom that good or service is focused towards is equally important. e. A quote by Scott Kiser in his Keys to Running a Successful Business in 2004 states If everyone is your market, then no one is your market (Kiser, 2004). Meaning a product cant be sold to everyone besides instead a specific market. f.Knowing what the target market consists of and if there are enough customers to maintain sedate business is an essential part in the success of the business. g. In my personal business, my clients word-of-m turn uph marketing is one of the main ways I gain business through providing a quality service. Signpost As marketing deals with finding the right area of customers, keeping the business of customers is a solely different part. III. Every business, small or large, needs customers to survive. h. As with marketing, knowing what customers inside the target market want is crucial for success. . How the customers purchase the service or product along with meeting their growing demand is a springy part in providing quality service and keeping their business (Kiser, 2004). j. Making indisputable the product they buy, or the service provided, meets or exceeds the customers satisfaction is essential to maintaining a quality relationship. Signpost Just as customers are vital to a business, the location serves are equally important purpose. IV. Every business needs a location to operate from whether it has one employee or a thousand. k.The business location c an mean the difference between success and failure, which is why the location is one of the single most important factors in a small business as stated by Caron Beesley of the U. S. Small Business Administration in 2013 (Beesley, 2013). l. Some business can be operated from home, while others need a physical store front. m. Either location can work as long as it does not interfere with the interaction with the customers and the goal of the business. n. My personal business is based out of my home, but requires me to travel to each individual client since it is based on a service.Signpost To summarize lets look back at the aspects required for a successful small business. Conclusion Running a small business may seem like an easy job, but in reality, it requires attention to many vital aspects. Management is crucial for directing employees and keeping the overall goal alive. Marketing is required to know the needs and wants of the customers and customers are required to for the busine ss to survive. Location is vital to the success of the business and the interaction with the customers.So next time you hear someone go on a spurt about small businesses and how you didnt build that, someone else made that happen, think of all the aspects described today (Staff, 2012). Think how every small business owner takes each of these elements into careful consideration in order to build a successful business. References Beesley, C. U. S. Small Business Administration, (2013). How to choose the best location for your business. Retrieved from website http//www. sba. gov/community/blogs/how-choose-best-location-your-business Kiser, S. (2004). keys to running a successful business. Streetdirectory. com. Retrieved from http//www. streetdirectory. com/travel_guide/662/business_and_finance/7_keys_to_running_a_successful_business. html Michael, A. (2013, Jan 17). Small business survey Best ideas, biggest challenges, and new year resolutions. INC. com. Retrieved from http//www. inc. com/michael-alter/small-business-survey-best-ideas-biggest-challenges-resolutions. html Staff. (2012, Sep 1). you didnt build that a theme out of context. CNN. Retrieved from http//www. cnn. com/2012/08/31/politics/fact-check-built-this

Compare Nothing’s Changed with one other poem in Cluster 1, in relation to the theme of injustice

Compare Nothings Changed with one other poem in Cluster 1, in relation to the theme of injustice. I get decided to compare Limbo with Nothings Changed, about the theme of injustice. Both Tatamkhulu Afrika and Edward Kamau Braithwaite have shown in Nothings Changed and Limbo, that all the same through the unjust world that is described in the poems, in that respect is still hope which prevails through the misery and despair.In Limbo, the repeat of Limbo, Limbo like me, shows that even through the loneliness they are put through, there remains still a pulse, the constant beat of those two lines shows that the slaves dance and music, still prevails through what is slavery. The effect created is that through the bad times, there is still felicitousness which surpasses suffering, and this line still is repeated to the end of the poem, where we know is the end of the bad events, through the saying, sun coming up on line 40.This effect is a main part of the poem, as the suffering at the start of the poem, is juxtaposed with the pulse and limbo dance through the slaves lives through the poem. In Nothings Changed, similar repetition techniques have shown injustice in the world. As Nothings Changed was based on the post apartheid times in South Africa, the poet writes how although it would be illegal to discriminate, and how there no monthlong are signs promoting this, it still happens, and is through the antithesis of District Six, and the new, up-market town, mentioned in line 22.The repetition of and in lines 12-15 is using the poetic technique of caesura, which means through repeating the linguistic process it ca usances more of an effect. As the poet describes his growing anger at how society is understood in South Africa, and how the punctuation used in those lines, the commas hold a immense significance to the poets exaggeration on those lines.Visually, each line progresses longer than the previous one, which may be a way the poet is to show his growing an ger about society. The poet also juxtaposes many of the features in his home of District Six to the new, up-market towns. Amiable weeds, shows that the poets believe that even the weeds are friendlier than Brash environment of the richer areas. The use of guard at the gatepost and working mans cafi shows juxtaposed opinions of the two different places.As having a guard suggests that the environment is more hostile and that you may be overpriced, darn the working mans cafi suggests that its a more honest and friendly place to eat. The repetition of glass four times in Nothings Changed has a considerable significance, as it shows how even though the apparent apartheid is over, there is still an invisible barrier which stops the people from doing what people would be doing in Port Jackson, which could be reflected through the usage of glass.In both of these poems, there is a significant usage of onomatopoeia and harsh sounding words, which suggests that both poets, especially for Nothi ngs Changed is writing in a pessimistic strengthen, whilst Limbo, shows optimism through the protraction of Limbo, Limbo like me. The harsh sounds, Dark deck in Limbo, line 21 and 23, use alliteration and through the sound of the words suggest distaste on board. Down, down, down on lines 34-36 shows how they believe they are below everybody else and that they are sinking further into despair.But then in lines 44-46, this is juxtaposed with Up, up, up where it shows that the slaves may have another chance for a better live and to rise from the suppression. In Nothings Changed, throughout the poem, there are many alliterative words, such as labouring and lungs, which shows alliterative words which increase the resentment and the dislike that the poet has of the whites only inn.Assonance is used in the poem, in lines 20-22, weeds, trees and cuisine, which the tone of all these lines relate to the resentment that the poet has of Port Jackson, and how he feels that the apartheid may n ot have been lifted, but rather having a larger effect on their lives than before. The poet all the way shows his feelings, through relating to Port Jackson as it, which suggests that its a hostile and unfriendly place, whilst he relates to District Six as we which shows his strong allegiance with his past, and believes that times have not really changed even though the apartheid has been lifted.

Mind and Citadel Essay

Masculinity is the properties char symbolizeeristic of the male sex. Characteristics include strength, toughness, brutality and many to a greater extent. All of which are the sectionistics of the boys who attended The Citadel in hopes of leaving the civilize as men. Susan Faludi, author of The Naked Citadel, writes ab stunned the difficultys within the prestigious give lessons, the major problem, being sexism. The Citadels problem can be almost clearly support by Malcom Gladwells place of Context argument from his book the Tipping Point.The militaristic environment at the Citadel changes each cadets record into an innate emotion anyy ruined version of who they once were. These changes turn into violence in the extreme. Perception is the key to many disagreements within society. This holds true in the situation that affects The Citadel. When a girl, Shannon Faulkner, applies to be the first female admitted to the Cadet Corps. She attempts to mess with the system by leaving out her gender. The perception at the Citadel is that women would not be a good fit in the school. Tradition has a major part with this.It is apparent that Shannons entrance to the Citadel has proven to become a scourge to the Citadel community since it is an all-male institution, intended to train real men. The Citadel has always been an all boy school as turn out of course, they werent really boys at all. These were college men (Faludi 78). Whos to say however that they are in fact men? What defines a man? Within the society a man is expect to think, act and live in a masculine manner. Showing emotions or sensitivity is considered taboo among the males. In the Citadel a man can act in a manner in which the threat of breaking the public norms is not eminent.The way of life in the Citadel made it almost insufferable to live for a woman. Society as a whole saw the Citadel as an established all male school and they were determined to lionise it that way. However, this perception is ba sed on what is seen from an outside perspective. Gladwell defines this aspect of perception of character as the FAE, Fundamental Attribution Error. Gladwell writes, The mistake we make in thinking of character as something unified and all-encompassing is very similar to a kind of blind spot in the way we process information (162).If character is something unified, consequently every one and only(a) must be classified as one in the same. The mistake the Citadel is making is having their all boy school rule become a blind spot for the future. The future that lies ahead can never be, if the Citadel sticks to their tradition. While tradition is what made the school so prestigious, a change in time may also need a change in tradition. A women can just as easily be one of the guys as any another(prenominal) guy. While men have defining characteristics that make them appear different from women, there are many attributes, such as constitution that isnt so distinctive between certain peo ple.The Citadel being filled with men who everyone knew would resist the idea of a women being admitted to the school, needed psyche who could fit in. Robert Patterson, the Citadel attorney who had previously represented V. M. I. , asked Astin, his voice full of unflattering insinuation about the kind of woman he imagined her to be. Astin I hypothecate the same as the kind of men who want to go there. Patterson Would it be a woman that would not be all that different from men? Astin Yes. (Faludi 95).This chop-chop interrogation of Alexander Astin explains that men and women are not different after all. While Patterson thought he found the winning point to his case, he really put himself and the Citadel in a hole. Women, who would apply to The Citadel, feel that they have the ability to compete with the existing me inside. Everyone knew how the Citadel was run. It was filled with aggressive men chthonic military rules. But Shannon Faulkner still applied.Sharron Faulkner was the type of women that Patterson perceived would be able to attend the Citadel. You could cite her memory that as a small child she favorite(a) playing outside with the boys to playing with certain girls whom she deemed too prissy (Faludi 96). Shannon was always, one of the boys. Her background and general attitude is extremely similar to anyone of the men at the Citadel. tied(p) with this, the Citadel is still against the idea. The psychologist Walter Mischel argues that the human mind has a kind of reducing valve that creates and maintains the perception of continuity even in the face of perpetual observed changes in actual behavior (Gladwell 162).The way our mind works, it is hard for people to have multiple views on something. In the case of the Citadel, society perceived the school as a strict all boy school that is not suitable for any women. Society also perceived Shannon as just a woman. just now isnt putting down that aspect, but that is all that society saw her as. So if th e Citadel is looked at and known as an all boys militaristic school that women would never be able to step foot into as a student and Shannon was looked at as just a woman then in no way shape or form would she ever be allowed to attend that school.Thats the problem with our society. We base our judgment on what we see, not on what we know. Any women who is get outing to put herself through that type of embarrassment and trouble and even death threats just to get into a school, in my mind is more of a man than any of those kids in the Citadel. Society is filled with stereotypes and that is what everyone is based off of. You, the next guy and me will always be looked at by society as part of a stereotype. This is the problem with the Citadel, and society in general.Perception is key in all events that occur at the Citadel. Perception plays a strong role in the Power of Context as wells as sexism at the Citadel. The focus on environment is the main aspect of the Power of Context. It says the people are acutely sensitive to their environment (Gladwell 159). People are therefore prompted to do certain things based on their perception of their environment.This is exactly what was occurring at the Citadel. The cadets were prompted to react physically towards each other based on what their perception of a man was. Knobs told me that they were forced to run through the showers while the upperclassman gaurds knocked the soap out of their hands and, when the knobs leaned over to retrieve it the upperclassman would unzip their pants and yell, Dont pick it up, dont pick it up Well use you like we apply those girls (Faludi 105). The Citadel continually expresses the idea of being a man. However, the upperclassman takes advantage of this and confuses strength of a man with violence. These knobs that come into the university as boys, are turning into emotionally scrawny individuals.They lack the understanding of a real man. As well as what it means to be in a relationshi p a part from other men. Women, whether they believe so or not, are a great importance to the future of the Citadel. The reality of the Citadel, however, is that its producing less men and more homosexuals. This may in fact be a direct result of no women in the vicinity. When a Citadel attorney asked Doucet why female cadets would pose a problem on the campus, the only issue he raised was the humiliation that cadets feel if women observe the cadets on-campus interactions (Faludi 104).Humiliation may be one of the strongest emotions that can alter ones character forever. However, if women were allowed in the school than humiliation would not be an issue because the men would change their ways to please women. Women posed no actual threat to the school, except the embarrassment of the cadets. Is that even a legitimate reason to prevent a girl of getting an education? Shannon was faced with more humiliation and threats than the boys in the school could ever imagine. Then, as they turne d back to the house, they saw that across the white porch columns and along the siding of the house, the words, Bitch, Dyke, Whore, and Lesbo (Faludi 94). The Citadel Cadets were criticizing Shannon Faulkner because she wanted to be accepted. It just so happens that all the terms they used all categorized her as a man. Shannon could speak, act and dress like a man but no matter what she will never be able to be fully accepted because in their minds only a man a true man is suited for the school. The inclination at the Citadel is a sad but eye opening example of how our society is.Society puts them in a mindset where only one way is the right way. If society can open up their brains to more opportunities than a lot of problems would be alleviated. Malcom Gladwell poses the reasoning of the Citadels problems with the idea of the Power of Context. There is so much that goes on in a situation that it should never be that easy to give an answer. The situation at the Citadel is un-fair a nd wrong. Women are just as smart and important as men and should have the same rules. But in that argument, if you want to be treated the same, you cant complain.

After-Sale Service of Online Marketing Essay

Recent years have witnessed the increasing demands of consumers, the high product quality scum bagnot be the only element for satisfying consumers nevertheless the after-sale return gradually dominants the purchasing psychology. In general, the after-sales servicing is one of the critical victory factors for enhancing the consumer satisfaction, which is acknowledged by Asugman,G.et al.(1997) to some extent. More specifically, the further study from metalworker (1998) emphasizes that the purchase intentions of the consumers is strongly influenced by the customer satisfaction about the ancillary dish outs.For the purpose of this essay, after-sale helper is defined as a range of operates that the enterprise or dealer provide to the consumer after the sales of product, which can include the product introduction, the delivery and installation as well up as the maintenance, etc. (Baidu cyclopedia,2012). It is life-sustaining to examine this area in order to achieve the consumer satisfaction, whats more to make a success of on-line marketing. The question that remains to be answered is whether the after-sales service is the major element for the success of on-line marketing, or whether the managers should make the after-sales service become the augmented auxiliary production. .This research paper will take into greenback both sides of the issue, and critically evaluating the main views and evidence murderered. Arguments will firstly be discussed from the network market environmental perspective. Subsequently, the evaluation of the overall match of after-sales service on the network marketing will be demonstrated. Finally, the conclusions along with recommendations made to internet managers will be explored.Nowadays, the marketplace has a dramatic change as Rajan Varadarajan and Manjit S. Yadav(2009) evoke that the competitive landscape has changed from the predominantly physical marketplace to one encompassing the physical marketplace and electronic ma rketplace, namely the Internet market environment. Whereas opponents who consider the after-sales service is the less important factor of the on-line marketing success read that people prefer to purchasing on-line should attribute to the cheap and high-quality goods in the online-shop. It is contended that the Internet environment can provide an opportunity for the customer to select whatever they want and most consumers prefer to buy products as quickly as possible, which is too the convenience of the on-line market.(Baidu library, no date)Furthermore, the advertisements on the Internet often act as the facilitator who can promote the consumer to boost their purchasing interests, which in turn extend the profit of the phoner. However, the supporters against that the increasing innovative products in the Internet are not the major part of successful on-line marketing but the after-sales service cod to the virtual Internet environment. For instance, R.G. Bundschuh and T.M. Dezva ne (2003) investigate that in some online companies, they can obtain higher profit generated by after-sales service than the one from the sales, the service market can be four or five times larger than the market for products.Moreover, the large volume of information in the Internet environment can greatly contribute to the quality of after-sales service. The Taobao online shop in China can be an appropriate example, it has a integral network of after-sales service with appropriate usage of the communication software named Aliwangwang.(Baidu cyclopedia, no date) Consequently, the after-sales service in the online environment plays an incentive parting in making success of on-line market.Another convincing statement insisted by those who disapprove the perspective that after-sales service is the main factor of on-line marketing success is that the invasion of after-sales service sometimes put pressure to the sales procedure. Hartline and Ferrell(1996) claim that the after-sales se rvice environment is a context in the interfaces between the internal and external which take place concurrently and shape the stress level that employees experience. Therefore, the fix of after-sales service to some extent will increase the pressure of the employee to devote themselves to their sales work, which in reverse could decrease the sales volume as well as the interests in the company.However, it has to be acknowledged that the after-sales service is conducted to the success of on-line market as a result of the positive impact on the company as well as the consumer. One of the contentions in favor of that assertion is that the customer satisfaction must be the primary goal of the organization for success and growth, then after-sales service is the bridge for the employee to contact with customers for obtaining the feedback and satisfaction (Pertson and Willson,1992) . Whats more, the customer-oriented on-line market has to satisfy their customers demands, thus the systema tic after-sales management could act as an in effect(p) approach.Loveman (1998) maintain that the customer satisfaction has an intimate relation with the loyalty of the consumer and financial stability of the firm. Consequently, the employees will be stimulated by the high-evaluated feedback of customers to make more parting to the company. That is to say, the high satisfaction can help the organization keep the existed customer and obtain much more new customers, which formulates a customer purchasing recycle. Hence, the impact of after-sales service in the online-market should be considered as the positive factor to the success and growth of the company.The current paper has explored the situation of the after-sales service and analyzed the significance and impact on the on-line marketing. Along with the argument that whether the after-sales service is the main factor for successful on-line marketing has been discussed. Therefore, through the contrast of the merits and negative i nfluence of the after-sales service on the company or customers, we can draw the conclusion that the after-sales service indeed plays an indispensible role in the on-line market since it can enhance the job performance as well as expand the sales scale. Besides, it has to be admitted that the limitation of this paper was that it didnt specifically demonstrate all factors related to after-sales service in the on-line marketing and the impact of the after-sales service aforementioned is the small part of the issue.Nevertheless, despite these limitations, the findings of this research paper have served to highlight the significance of after-sales service in the on-line market and point out the dual impact on the company or customers. From what discussed in this paper, it would be plausible to recommend the managers of the on-line market pay great attention on the influence and significance of after-sales service and make the most of information on the Internet to establish a integrate d system of implementing the after-sales service for gaining returning customers as well as the revenue of company.Reference listAlexander, W. L., Dayal, S., Dempsey, J. J. & Vander-Ark, J. D. (2002). The secret life of factory service centers.Asugman,Gulden. Johnson,Jeanl and McCullough,James(1997)The role of After-sales Service in International Marketing ledger of International Marketing vol.5 Issue 4.p11-28,18p.EBSCO host/Business Source Complete.Baidu cyclopedia After-sales service http//baike.baidu.com/view/300225.htm Accessed tertiary October,2012Baidu cyclopledia Taobao Website . Retrieved from http//baike.baidu.com/view/1590.htm Accessed 12th october,2012Baidu Library The consumer on-line purchasing psychological analysis Retrieved from http//wenku.baidu.com/view/e1c8f240336c1eb91a375db8.html Accessed 12th October,2012Hartline, Micheal D. and O.C. Ferrell (1993)Service Quality ImplementationThe Effects of Organizational acculturation and Managerial Actions on Customer-Co ntact Employee Behaviors, Report No. 93-122,Academy of Marketing Science.-and(1996),The Management of Customer-Contact Service Employees, Journal of Marketing, 60(4),52-70.Loveman, W. (1998). Employee Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty, and Financial Performance an Empirical Examination of the Service gain Chain in Retail Banking. Journal of service research, 1(1), 18-31Pertson, R. & Willson, W. (1992). Measuring Customer Satisfaction Fact and Artifact . Journal of academy of marketing science, 20(1), 61-71.Rajan Varadarajan&Manjit S. Yadav(2009) Marketing dodging in an Internet-Enabled Environment A Retrospective on the First Ten Years of JIM and a Prospective on the Next Ten Years Journal of Interactive Marketing Volume 23, Issue 1, February 2009, Pages 1122 Retrieved from http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094996808000030 ACCESSED12th October,2012R.G. Bundschuh, T.M. Dezvane How to make after sale services pay off The McKinsey Quarterly, 4 (2003), pp. 116127Smi th, Kirk (1998), Service Aspects of Industrial Products Lead to Future Product Purchase Intentions, Industrial Marketing Management, 27, 83-93.

Museum Project Formal Analysis

ARTH 1001 theorizeum Formal Analysis Paper The Tiber Muse Winged Victory of the Nike of Samothrace Justinian and Attendants from San Vitale Adrienne Keiser TA- Anna, Tuesday constituent April 23rd, 2013 The Tiber Muse, passkeyly discovered in the vicinity of the Tiber River in Rome in 1885, is a product of the Graeco-Roman era and is termd around the 2nd-1st century BCE. This date and other patternal qualities of the forge such as the pose, drapery and medium apprise that it was produced during the Hellenistic Period of Greece and Asia Minor, and then imported to Rome at a later date.The importation, copying, and public exhibit of Greek art were common from the start of Roman conquering of Greek territories and throughout the Roman Imperial era. The formal qualities of this piece, to be explored later in this exhibition, are comparable to those of the Nike of Samothrace in that they both exhibit the dramatic, elaborate techniques common of the Hellenistic Period (323-30 BCE) that embrace a range of emotions, providing us with an overpowering, multi-sensory experience as we view these pieces.The qualities and intent of art during the Hellenistic Period were quite different from those of the Byzantine Era, to be further explored by comparing these ii sculptures with the Justinian and Attendants mosaic from San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy. Through a formal analysis of these three works, the meaning, blueprint and values of the culture that produced them will become clear, and we can further watch the historical context of these two very different time periods. The Hellenistic Period is the time between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE and the emersion of the Roman Imperial Empire.Greek cultural power and influence was at its height, and there was great prosperity and progress with the arts, theatre, literature, music, philosophy, science and architecture. During this period, Greek culture, influence and language was bed covering to other part s of the world. This contributed to a wide variety in art, producing complex, individual and idealized works, allowing us to admire them from all angles. Hellenistic art seeks expressability and a strength of details, focusing on the height of the second base by expressing the violence of movements.In great statuary, Hellenistic art explores themes such as suffering, sleep, age, victories, and sincere, imply moments frozen in time. The Tiber Muse and the Nike of Samothrace both exhibit these qualities in many ways. The Tiber Muse is about four feet high and constructed out of marble. The pose and arm positioning of the subject suggests it is a sculpture of a muse caught in the moment of playing an instrument. Even though she is missing her head, most of her arms and feet/base, her pose is similar to other known muses.The watermelon-shaped tear (near her right arm) in her garment suggests a rare, iconographic tradition whereby musicians were represented with less restricting clo thing on their playing arms. Thus, this tear does not suggest an erotic encounter, but rather a young female bending over a rock, caught in the moment of playing an instrument. This element of sculpture capturing an intimate moment in time is definitely a quality of Hellenistic sculpture. This statue projects into our space, and it is clear one needs to observe it from many different angles to fully agnise it.This is very similar to the Nike of Samothrace, even though it is safe to say the Nike statue projects into our space more keenly than the Tiber Muse. This is because the Nike of Samothrace was airplane pilotly placed on the front of a enrapture to commemorate a naval victory, and then turned in to an elaborate fountain structure at the head of the Daru staircase in the Louvre in Paris. The Tiber Muse was meant to be a smaller, more intimate piece that demonstrates the moment of a musician playing, whereas the Nike of Samothrace was sculpted to be a larger-than-life symbol of victory and strength.Both the Tiber Muse and The Nike of Samothrace show a mastery of form and movement in marble, that creates a deliberate relationship to the space around the statues. In the Nike statue, the wind that has carried her and which she is bit off, straining to keep steady, is the invisible complement of the figure and the viewer is made to envisage it. The Tiber Muses pose draws us in to her moment, and forces us to imagine all sensory elements of the space around herthe sound of the music, her motions of playing, and the air around her.In this way, both statues create this sense of auditory drama as well as a multi-sensory, overpowering experience that encompasses many Hellenistic artworks. These two works both make us a participant while viewing, however, I would surround that the Tiber Muse reflects the range of real emotions and a more realistic view of people than does the Nike statue, because the Nike was used to commemorate a victory and was meant to be m ore symbolic, notice a goddess and a sea victory, whereas the muse is nameless and captures a more intimate, real moment.The Nike depicts a more supernatural experience that blows us away with its implausible deep undercuttings, shadows and Phidian style drapery. While the Tiber Muse also uses similar drapery techniques as well as deep undercuttings and shadowing, the Nike is seen as an iconic depiction of haughty spirit and the divine momentarily coming face to face with man. The Tiber Muses use of these techniques was to create an idealized portrait of a muse caught in the moment of playing, rather than to represent a goddess of victory and connection to the divine.This idea of capturing a raw, realistic moment and the movement from outlineing the divine to portraying real people became more apparent later in the Hellenistic period, explaining why these two works differ in their purpose and meaning. Thus, although using similar mediums and sculpting techniques, the original co ntexts of these two works differ greatly, in that the Nike was meant to be viewed publicly on a grand scale, and the Muse is smaller and was probably meant to be a snobby display of ones social status or education.Although the Justinian mosaic in San Vitale is very different from these two statues in medium, time period and display of figures, the idea of connecting man to the divine is alive in this work as well. Here, the purple on the robe of Justinian connects him to the divine, in that purple was considered a Holy deform, a great deal shown on representations of Christ. However, the purpose of this connection of Justinian to Christ was of propagandistic use, not to symbolize a great victory and a triumphant spirit, as in the Nike of Samothrace.During the untimely Byzantine Era, Justinian ruled from Constantinople, but expanded his rule into the west, making Ravenna a new Western outpost. He constructed San Vitale and the mosaics on the sides of the nave archade to display h is ultimate rule and to portray himself as being above most citizens and having a close relationship to Christ. Some even go as far as to argue that he believed he was a descendant of Christ. The colors in this mosaic and throughout San Vitale were of traditional Byzantine style in that they are meant to disorient you and bring you into a different world.The method of using glass tesserae to create mosaics is also a creation of the Byzantine times. The portrayal of the figures in this mosaic is what makes this work differ greatly from the other statues explored earlier. The figures are flat, clearly two-dimensional subjects depicted with little difference in size, facial expression and human anatomy. Their only difference between the figures comes from the color of the clothing or what they are holding. There is no clear depiction of human form, using little to no shadowing or drapery.This is due to the purpose and time period in which it was created. During Byzantine times, this po rtrait of Justinian and his ensemble was to demonstrate power to the illiterate people about the authority of Justinian Rule, thus making the original purpose of this work truly propagandistic. By exploring, comparing and contrasting formal qualities of the Tiber Muse, the Winged Victory of Nike of Samothrace, and the Justinian mosaic of San Vitale, we can deduce several conclusions about the purpose and historical contexts of each work of art.Although the two statues examined were from the same stylistic period, each has its own purpose for being. The Nike of Samothrace is a brilliant Hellenistic display of the multi-sensory drama that a great naval victory entails by projecting into our space. Its purpose was to symbolize a great victory over struggle and divine help or grace. The Tiber Muse also exhibits those Hellenistic sculpture techniques that the Nike statue has, such as drapery and shadowing, but is a more realistic display of an intimate moment.Both show intense detail of human anatomy, but the muse doesnt have the divine element the Nike has, but rather a sensual element that brings us into her moment of playing music. The purpose of the Justinian mosaic was to demonstrate the fusion of his political and religious power, thus there is little attention to detail or the human form that is so pertinent in the two Hellenistic sculptures. Works Cited Roberts, Christopher. How to Recognize and Date a Muse Torn Garments, Marble Types, and the Tiber Muse in the Minneapolis set up of the Arts.The Classical Association of the Middle West and South. N. p. , 2005. Web. 21 Apr. 2013. . Images of the Works of Art The Winged Victory of the Nike of Samothrace 220-190 BCE, Hellenistic Period The Tiber Muse 2nd-1st Century BCE, Graeco-Roman or more specifically, the Hellenistic Period Gallery G230, Acquisition Number 56. 12 Justinian and his Attendants from San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy 546 CE, Byzantine Era

How Social Media Influences Your Shopping Essay

At the present time social media is the one of the well-nigh powerful ways to shop and advertise online via the use of web-based and mobile technologies it transforms online confabulation into an interactive dialogue. Quester, Pettigrew and Hawkins (2011) defined social media as media for social interaction, using steeply convenient and scalable communication techniques.According to Vithoulkas, social media is more than just the hardware or software which enables it, instead he argues that it is more of a philosophy of communication where honest and transparency is required and information is shared and has the potential to spread virally very quickly. For the consumer, social media can be a continual gush of advertisement and promotion every time we use communication modes, such as the internet or mobile, which may be infuriating for the consumer but increases the mart exposure for the seller. This report intends to analyse the effectiveness of social media in influencing the popular population to purchase more than presently before.When large companies, such as Pepsi, apparel 50% of their annual advertising budget into Social Media it is simply a worthy idea for the discussion of marketing professionals worldwide. The buyer demeanor system has been challenged in ranges of high involvement and low involvement alike. Consumer control is now the focus of consumption, when before it was heavily regulated institutionally. Although social media is an inescapable part of every mean solar day life it cannot be assumed that it will replace other forms of communication.A great number of people of all ages use social networking sites before acquire a product, especially in high involvement purchases. Seidma (2010, p11) has demonstrated that the large majority of people are engaged in some form of social media, showing its considerable societal acceptance Marketing magazine online tells us that Facebook has more than 400 zillion active users. Every minute, 24 hours of video is uploaded to YouTube. An estimated 510 thousand Twitter accounts are opened per day, showing that when information is directly found by a population 20 times that of Australia thither is serious product awareness to gain. Quester et al. (2011) stated that there are fives stages of decisions making processes prior to making the choice in buying a product or service. These include problem recognition, information bet, evaluation and selection, store choice and purchase and post purchase processes. When consumers recognise a need or identify a problem which may exist, they then undertake an information search on the product or service with their conduct influenced by sexual and external factors, Consumers evaluate the various alternatives after they have gathered all information, and afterwards they make a selection of retail outlets for the actual purchase of the close or service.Lastly, the consumer compares the product performance against their expectations an d decide whether they satisfied or dissatisfied with it. In last few decades, traditional media such as television, radio, newspaper has been the and way to promote and communicate with the target market, but now it appears that the trend has budged. As seen in diagram one (below) consumer control is now the driver in the marketing segment.As seen in chart one (below), it can be seen that on average people spend more time when choosing and product and general spend more money, suggesting that when purchasing online the products will be a high involvement purchase. Marketing Magazine online tell us For 35% of shoppers, the process starts with online search 30% of consumers read user reviews on retailer websites as a part of the shopping process.In the U.S.A. alone there are 95 million people who admit to frequently using social-media in their purchase decisions. Hub Magazine found that more than 40% of American adults currently use social media as part of their shopping experiences , with further data showing most consumers increased in use of social media for shopping within an annual period. Hub magazine overly found that 39% have strongly agreed with the statement that they can learn a lot more about a brand by seeing what everyday people are saying about it online in comparison with only 22% percent of non-social media shoppers agreeing with the statement. This clealy shows us that Social Media can obviously affect buying habits.However, social media may not be the first choice for every business or organisation for their marketing strategy. In celestial latitude 2009, COM Score released a report of their customer survey that showed peoples views on social media in comparison to traditional forms of media. Overall, they found that 28% of respondents were likely to notice advertising on social media and less than that 23% are likely to trust the advertisements they notice. Those numbers put social media websites at 5 on the list after part television, pri nt, news and corporate websites. In the same findings it also showed that only 28% of those who had began their holiday shopping this season indicated that social media has influenced their purchases specifically consumers said their influences were Reading a consumer-generated product review (13% of respondents) Reading an expert product review (11 %) Following a fan page on Face book to take service of special offers and deals (7%) Influence by a friends Face book status update referring to a particular product (6%) Following a company on Twitter to take advantage of special offers and deals (5%) A friends tweet about a product influenced their purchase behaviour (3%)Given the exposure to the internet that we in the western world undergo every day versus time spend watching television, it is odd that only 13% saw the high consumer involvement in reading reviews of products. What is even stranger is that these consumers have shifted from trusting expert reviews to peer reviews . In traditional media reputable sources were normally quoted to give weight to a certain product. It seems in the days of social media, peer influence has replaced the trustworthiness of reputable sources. Thus changing the buyer behaviour process.Social Media may influence and change the buyer behaviour process but it is not necessarily a replacement for tradition media. Although it is a change to the normal standards of media, it will never replace traditional media given the system of interaction in our society. The interesting thing, as discussed in this essay, is the change in the high involvement purchase process and the consumer control over purchases. It is effective to some degree, given the right target audience and consumer group, but in our society with the inadequacy of general literacy (21.1% of the world are internet literate) and dramatic choices for consumers it is not the answer to the change of the consumer buyer process.

British National Identity Among Ethnic Minorities

British internal Identity among EthnicMinorities Identity is something many of us dont think about, but it is the main force behind our daily decisions. Britishness is defined as the terra firma or quality of being British. This means that Britishness involves habits, behaviors, phrase, culture, and symbols that argon common, recognizable, and iconic to the United Kingdom. Sometimes however, it is hard to define Britishness because it crappernot be defined as one thing, like many identities, it evolves and transforms ever so often.British individuality has been a reconcile of many debates since the 1960s, prompted initially by the loss of empire, then by the rise of the welfare state, postwar corrosive and Asian migration and entry into the European Community, and more recently by the devolution of power to Scotland and Wales (Parekh, 1). Some subscribe that the most challenging minority integration in contemporary society is immigrant-origin non- gaberdine communities (Maxwe ll, 2), but this is becoming a false claim. The British depicted object identity operator has been on a reduce with more Britons claiming their identity as English, Scottish, Irish, or Welsh.This however, is not true for ethnic minorities in the UK. Headlines around many newspapers read Ethnic minorities are now more likely to feel British than white people in that location was a accept done by the Institute for Public Policy Research that resulted in 51 percent of blacks and Asians describing themselves as British compared with just 29 per cent of whites. Data shows that in 1996, 52 percent of respondents to a opinion poll verbalise they saw themselves primarily as British. By 2005, this had fallen to just 44 per cent. The IPPR study said that Scottish and Welsh devolution had damaged British feeling (Daily Mail).Professor Platt stated that Given the current fretfulness around immigration and concerns that it is challenging a unified national identity, it is interesting to find that minorities in occurrence hold wholeer British identities on average than the majority, we also see that they frequently manage dual identities, preferably than opposing one to the other. Among the majority, individual country identities such as Scottish or Welsh after part be held alongside a British identity, but in many cases seem to substitute for it (CLS).Many imagine that the desire for minorities to integrate into society is not enough to create a sense of failing and at last the feeling of Britishness. The desire to be integral to society has to be reciprocated too, in terms of the opportunity to belong to the national community, as well as in terms of socio-economic inclusion. So the long-term intergenerational decline in racism in British society is also an important and necessary condition for integration and patriotism (Katwla, 1). Minorities in Great Britain are very active in British society.Katwla claims that there is a strong pro-integration preferenc e among minorities for civic and political participation, democracy and the rule of law, and most recognize the importance of the English language for social, economic and civic inclusion. The acceptance about being British could also be because of the share muniment between Britain and the immigrants home country. In places such as India and Africa, the empire was deeply rooted into their history. Katwla goes correct further to say that The issue is not just claiming a voice in helping to play a common future.It is also about reminding ourselves that complicated and contested though it certainly was, we have shared more history than we think. You can look for and find British Muslim patriotism in reports from the front World War trenches, and not only in the last few years. thither is however, a interdict side to this, as the ethnic minorities are claiming a British identity, many white Britons are claiming another. There is a comeing fear that the rise in English nationa l identity is also a rise in hostility towards cultural diversity. So some express the fear that a generate to the traditional blood nations will leave the ethnic minorities as the last Brits standing, rallying around a flag that indigenous Brits have deserted (Katwala). There is a weaker sense of British national identity among white Britons. This presumed decline in Britishness can be seen as resulting from one or both of dickens processes, on the one hand, the English appear to be becoming more English at the cost of being British. Secondly, the Scots are seen as becoming more Scottish.And a consequent decline in Britishness is assumed (Bechhofer, 252). Devolution has contributed in the decline of a British national identity. The largest marginal effect by a large distance is the effect of being born in Northern Ireland this reduces the probability of report a British identity by 24%. It is almost certain that this is driven primarily by Northern Irish Catholics among whom t here remains a strong demand to be part of Ireland and not the UK and who think of themselves as Irish rather than British (Manning, F79-F80).Many white Britons are not claiming a national identity and it seems that, for white Britons, the local identity is more important than the national identity. For minorities, it is easier to identity with the national identity because there are no negative connotations associated with it. The British identity allows for the foreigners to keep their home identity which they can maintain their ethnic identity. British is a label that unites all peoples living in Britain today disregardless of color, creed, and nationality (Bechhofer , 256).Immigrants who become UK citizens are much more likely to report a British identity and the fall upon ofcitizenship might be influenced by a number of factors. First, there are a number of virtual(a) advantages to citizenship one has the right to work and vote in the UK and one can travel into the country without the unavoidableness for a visa Apart from the practical advantages, there may be more emotional advantages to adopting a British identity. In particular we hypothesize that immigrants may be more likely to express a British identity if Britain compares favorably with the country from which they came (Manning, F93).Minorities in Britain have also assimilated into the culture of being British. There is a large amount of variation across country of birth in the fraction of immigrants account a British identity. For those from Slovakia it is less than 5%, for those from Malta more than 80%. But there is, for the most part, a simple explanation for these very large cross-country differences the average amount of time spent in the UK (Manning, F84). It seems that the longer the person stays in the country, the more they will think of themselves as British, Britishness just seems to grow on people. Benedict Anderson defines the nation as an imagined community that is territorial ly limited and united by a deep, horizontal, comradeship between its members. Adam Luedtke defines social identity an affective (emotional) state of belonging in a social groupthat stems from extended socialization, and is not easily changed. A national identity, therefore, is the emotional state of belonging felt by citizens towards, and within, the imagined community of their nation ( Kerr, 1).Over the decades there has been an overall decline in the proportion of people who define themselves as British and nationally characterize themselves as Britons. On average, a high proportion of non-white ethnic minorities tend to call their selves British and relate to the British national identity. In conclusion, socialization into the British culture has brought about a strong identity for ethnic minorities. The opposite is true for the white British population.On average there has been a decline in claiming the British national identity and this decline can be pointed to devolution t aking place around the United Kingdom. Works Cited BECHHOFER, FRANK, and DAVID McCRONE. Being British A Crisis Of Identity?. Political Quarterly 78. 2 (2007) 251-260. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 July 2012. Centre for longitudinal Studies. CLS. ESRC, n. d. Web. 26 July 2012. . Ethnic Minorities More Likely to Feel British than White People, Says Research. Mail Online. Associated Newspapers Ltd, 2007. Web. 26 July 2012. . Katwala, Sunder. why Do Non-white Brits Feel That Little Bit More British? British Future. British Future, 30 June 2012. Web. 26 July 2012. . Kerr, Steve. The Decline of British Identity. E-International Relations. E-international Relations, 13 Apr. 2012. Web. 0 July 2012. . Manning, Alan, and Sanchari Roy. Culture Clash Or Culture Club? National Identity In Britain. Economic Journal 120. 542 (2010) F72-F100. Business Source Premier. Web. 30 July 2012. Maxwell, Rahsaan. National and Minority naming among Non-whites in Britain Where Is the Tradeoff? Publicati on. University of Massachusetts, Amherst Department of Political Science, n. d. Web. 26 July 2012.

International Business Communication Phase

The management team from the United States get out be in charge of the staffing for said restaurants. There will be a meeting of Executives in the United States, to explain the project and provide everyone with the necessary information needed to effected the task at hand, also giving the chance for all the executives get acquainted. Communication is very chief(prenominal) in the business world and is required when expanding business to other countries. To concur a complete understanding of a different culture, in that location has to be respect of customs, manners, and ethnicities.It is consequential to understand being able to hap both verbally and non- verbally is the key to success. Because each of the groups may speak a different language, it demand to be priority number one to make sure everyone is on the same page and in that location is no confusion. Some cultures send word feel uncomfortable and insult others, when there is a lack of cultural understanding. Diffe ring cultural standards of these countries include but be not limited to, politics, social, and education.The language hurdles argon an bug out because of the wad not penetrative the other language does not understand when people have questions or comments. This will disturb the demonstration because it can cause confusion with communication between the different people and can cause them to be confused of the meeting and the information that they need to operate the business as taught. Language barriers can also cause rational replies and destructive sensitive replies. There be legion(predicate) approaches to aid everyone to improve a relationship with each other to help in conveying, execution, and growth.Other approaches consist of creating a bond, ask questions about their culture, opinion, and customs, and listen courteously to all persons to gain a complete understanding and fellowship of their views and their culture Conveying proficiently will let agreeing conditions between businesses partners become more easily. The win-win model would be the best form of a negotiating model for negotiating each set of partners. The win-win model entails agreeing on terms, both sides accept they have won.Conditionally, there are different types of coming to terms more efficiently. The key to coming to an conformity, there call for to be an agreed upon set of terms both arties understanding what the other party wants, without winning away from the initial goal. A impinge can possibly arise, if there is a mesh of stakes or if one feels one way and the other exclusive feels another way. When conflict arises, it is very important to know that there is a conflict and a resolution is required.The outlet of a conflict can be either positive or negative. There are m whatsoever techniques that can be actual to assist in handling conflict. It is important to know how important it is to satisfy your own needs and the needs of the other individual needs. To over come conflicts, there are many strategies that you can use. Taking care of you and knowing yourself consist of understanding triggers and creating a better environment. The next strategy is to clarify the personal needs that are threatened by the conflict.To clarify the personal needs, means to be substantive and identify what the desired outcome of the negotiation process is. Find a safe place to negotiate is another strategy that consists of take into account space to negotiate, appropriate time, and agreeing on the ground rules. Taking the time to listen ill help when conflict arises because it will help you know what is being said by listening actively and help you have a clear understanding of what the other individual is saying.Specifically and clearly asserting your needs means to mannikin from what you are hearing and using messages to clarify what is being said. Approaching flexibility and problem solving is a method for handling conflict and it means to find a solution o r options identify the issues in short and clearly, are open-minded, and to clarify what the criteria is for making the right decisions. Managing the issue calmly, patiently, and successfully will help to clarify any feelings, focus on the interests and needs, and to take a break.Also, implement and evaluate the issue and know what the cause was for the conflict and it will show you how to handle it if the situation was to arise again. Errors that can happen when negotiating contracts are very likely. devising sure when asking questions you leave the question open so the other party feels like they are being included. The other parties needs and expectations are considered, this helps them feel what they are proposing is not being disregarded. Self-defeating compromise is another mistake to avoid.This is cause from the fear of losing the deal or fear that the people you are negotiating with are taking advantage of you. Directing insensible messages is a no-no because it will show w hen a person is hot or self-critical, the best thing to do is manage the problematic thoughts. Short term thinking will help to end the negotiating process fast and help gain immediate benefits. Talking too practically is a mistake, because it can cause you to negotiate against yourself, rather than for yourself. When negotiating, you have to wait or pause and be informal able with being silent.Requiring face to face meetings is a mistake because it is best to negotiate at a distance. Negotiating at a distance will help come to a better agreement and it help an individual concentrate more on the high priority items by looking at the issues in an abstract way. Being too pasty is a mistake that is made by to the highest degree individuals when negotiating because it makes things look desperate when you are trying to push an individual to say yes. Rather than push the individual to say you, you need to provide the individual what the chance to say not.

The Rival as an Anti Sentimental Comedy

the rivals as an anti-senti psychogenic clowning Undoubtedly Sheridans purpose in writing The Rivals was to entertain the audience by make them laugh and not by making them shed tears. The Rivals was written as a buffoonery arrant(a) and simple. Though there are certainly a few sentimental scenes in this play nevertheless they are regarded as a parody of slovenliness. The scenes between Faulkland and Julia are satire on the sentimental comedy which was in fashion in those days and against which Sheridan revolted.A brief examination of these sentimental scenes would clearly reveal that Sheridans intention was to poke fun at the sentimental comedy of the time. We find both Faulkland and Julia absurd. The true flake of Faulkland is indicated to us by sacrosancts description of him as the most teasing, captious, incorrigible lover. Faulklands own description of his state of mind active his beloved Julia also makes him appear absurd. He says that every hour is an occasion for him to feel alarmed on Julias account.If it rains, he feels afraid lest some shower down should lease chilled her. If the wind is sharp, he feels afraid lest a rude blast should adversely affect her health. The awaken of the noon and the dews of the evening may endanger her health. All this is funny and certainly no to be taken seriously. Sheridan is here ridiculing the plainive solicitude and concern which an over-sentimental lover like Faulkland experiences when separated from his beloved. Sheridan seems to be pleading for mental equilibrium even in the case of an ardent lover.Sheridan continues to portray Faulkland in the same satirical appearance. When estate of the realm appears and is questioned by inviolable regarding Julias activities in the countryside, soil replied that Julia has been enjoying herself thoroughly and been having a gay time. Now, a mean(prenominal) lover would feel extremely happy to learn this. We expect the same reaction from Faulkland because he had secure Absolute that he would feel happy beyond measure if he were certain that Julia was hale and hearty. exclusively his actual reaction is quite different and greatly amuses us by its absurdity.In both his interviews with Julia, Faulkland betrays the same absurdity. In the first interview, he complains to her of the mirth and gaiety that she as been enjoying during his absence. He penurys to be loved for his own sake and for no particular grounds and he also expects her love to be fixed and ardent. In short, his whole manner of talking to her and his soliloquy at the end of this scene reveals him in a stillton up more than than comic light. The atomic number 42 interview again shows him a ridiculous light. He subjects Julia to a running in order to convince himself of the sincerity of her love.The authors intention is to show the absurd space to which an over-sentimental lover green goddess go, and the author expects us to laugh at this kind of lover. Even Julia suf fers from an excessive senti mind-set and she to a fault is do to appear absurd and ridiculous for that rea discussion. The manner in which she describes her lover to Lydia shows the kind of mentality that she has. In the two interviews with Faulkland, Julia is again over-flowing with emotion. We smile at the way she be move overs we are amused by her excess of emotion we mock at the abject surrender to her lover and her repeated attempts to make up with him.Lydia too is an over-sentimental girl though in a different way and she too becomes the subject of ridicule in the play. Her romantic ideas and her romantic planning appear absurd to us. She expects not the usual turn of events conjugal union but a runaway marriage. Now all this makes us laugh at her superficiality and silliness. These absurd notions have been derived by her from the sentimental and romantic stories to which she is addicted. The crash of her romantic hopes disappoints her greatly but amuses us a beloved deal.The manner in which the other characters have been portrayed is also evidence of the anti-sentimental character of the play. chieftain Absolute is a pragmatic man and though he assumes the name and status of Ensign Beverley, he would not like to forfeit the rich dowry which Lydia will bring him. Mrs. Malaprop is a conventional, practical charr whose attitude to marriage is business-like. Sir Anthony to is a practical, worldly man. Bob ground is a country boor with no romantic or sentimental pretensions but towards the end of the play he shows that he is more practical than eachbody else by saying If I push asidet get a wife without fighting for her, by any valour, Ill live a bachelor. thusly there is Sir Lucius who is absurd but not because of nay sentimentality. One reason why he is absurd is because of his insistence on fighting duels. But he does not want to fight duels for the sake f any sentiment. When Sheridan himself fought a couple of duels for the sake of Miss Elizabeth Linley, there was a strong emotion behind them, but here we have a mockery of dueling and we are made to laugh at the manner in which these duels are arranged. pride and diagonal satireIrony is the very soul of Jane Austens novels and ostentation and Prejudice is steeped in irony of theme, status, character and narration. Irony is the contrast between appearance and reality. As one examines primp and Prejudice, one is struck with the fact of the ironic significance that pride leads to prejudice and prejudice invites pride and both have their corresponding virtues bound up within them. Each has its virtues and separately has its defects. They are contradictory and the supreme irony is that intricacy, which is much deeper, carries with it grave dangers unknown to simplicity.This type of thematic irony runs through all of Jane Austens novel. In Pride and Prejudice there is much irony of situation too, which provides a twist to the story. Mr. Darcy remarks about Elizabeth that tolerable but not handome plenty to tempt me We bask the ironical flavour of this statement much later when we reflect that the womanhood who was not handsome enough to dance with was really good enough to marry. He removes Bingley from Netherfield because he considers it imprudent to forge a marriage alliance with the white avens Family, but himself ends up marrying the second Bennet sister.Collins proposes to Elizabeth when her heart is full of Wickham and Darcy proposes to her exactly at the moment when she hates him most. Elizabeth tells Mr. Collins that she is not the type to reject the first proposal and accept the second but does exactly this when Darcy proposes a second time. The departure of the militia from Meryton was expected to put an end to Lydias flirtations, it brings about her elopement. The Lydia-Wickham successiveness may seem like an insurmountable barrier between Elizabeth and Darcy, but is actually instrumental in bringing them together.Lady Catherin e, attempting to prevent their marriage only succeeds in hastening it. Irony in character is even more prominent than irony of situation. It is ironical that Elizabeth who prides herself on her perception is quite blinded by her own prejudices and errs seriously in judging intricate characters. Wickham appears suave and charming but is ironically unprincipled rouge. Darcy appears proud and coercive but ironically proves to be a true gentleman when he gets Wickham to marry Lydia by compensable him. The Bingley Sisters hate the Bennets for their vulgarity but are themselves vulgar in their behaviour.Darcy is also critical of the ill-bred Bennet Family but ironically his Aunt Catherine is equally vulgar and ill-bed. Thus, the novel abounds in irony of characters. The narrative of Pride and Prejudice too has an ironic tone which contributes much vocal irony. Jane Austens ironic tone is complete in the very first sentence of the novel. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a sensation man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. As Dorothy Van Ghent remark, what we read in it is opposite a single woman must be in want of a man with a good fortune.There is much verbal irony in the witty utterances of Mrs. Bennet. He tells Elizabeth Let Wickham be your man. He is pleasant fellow and would jilt you creditable In the words pleasant fellow is hidden a dramatic irony at the expense of Mr. Bennet, for Wickham is destined to make a considerable dent in Mr. Bennets complacency. Jane Austen did not show any cynicism or bitterness in using her irony to draw satirical portraits of whims and follies. Rather her irony can be termed comic. It implies on her side an acknowledgement of what is wrong with people and society.It is beting to note that ironically, in Pride and Prejudice, it is the villainous character Wickham and lady Catherine who are responsible for uniting Elizabeth and Darcy. She uses irony to shake her study figures of their se lf-deception and to expose the hypocrisy and pretentiousness, absurdity and insanity of some of her minor figures. It is definitely possible to come from her works a scheme of moral values. Andrew II Wright rightly points out that irony in her hands is the instrument of a moral vision. the rivalscomedy of manners Like typical comedy of manners, The Rivals has a complicated plot.There are three love-affairs in it the Absolute-Lydia love-affair, the Faulkland-Julia love-affair, and the Mrs. Malaprop-Sir Lucius love-affair. All these love-affairs have a parallel development, so that the interest keeps shifting from one love-affair to the other quite rapidly. Again, like a typical comedy of manner, The Rivals abounds in wit. We have the wit of Captain Absolute, the wit of Sir Anthony, the wit of even Sir Lucius and Acres who are otherwise the targets of the plays satire. The Rivals is an queer satire on the fashionable upper-class of Sheridans time. The scene of this play is set in B ath.In the second half of the eighteenth century, Bath was a famous centre of fashionable life-time. The manner in which poof dwells upon this life is quite amusing. The Faulkland-Julia love-affair is undoubtedly a parody of the sentimental comedy of the eighteenth century. Julia is portrayed as an excessively sentimental girl, while Faulkland is portrayed as the most whimsical and eccentric lover. Faulkland greatly amuses us by his account of the anxieties that fill his mind regarding Julia. Every hour he is alarmed on Julias account. If it rains, if the wind is sharp, he feels afraid. All this is very funny.Similarly, Faulklands feeling upset on hearing about the gay life that Julia has been leading also amuses us. Julias over-sentimentality in idealizing her lover and repeatedly forgiving his faults and farcical suspicions is also funny. The portrayal of Lydia is a satire on the romantic notions which young, fashionable girls of upper-class families of the time entertained. Sh e is fond of reading romantic novels and stories. Fed on such stories, she does not want a conventional and routine kind of wedding. When Captain Absolutes real identity is revealed to Lydia, she feels terribly disappointed at the collapse of her romantic dreams and hopes.The manner in which she recalls her secret meetings with her lover during the cold nights of January is very amusing to us. The most amusing scenes in the play are those in which Captain Absolute comes tone to face with his father, Sir Anthony. Sir Anthony is portrayed as a self-willed, dictatorial kind of father who demands implicit obedience from his son. He threatens to disinherit his son, to disown his son in case his son does not carry out his wishes. Sir Anthony in his own prime of life was a gay fellow. Sheridan also makes us laugh at some of the contemporary fashions.When Bob Acres comes to Bath, he decides to discard his country clothes and to dress himself according to the fashion prevailing in the city . Then he tries to practice some French dancing steps and discovers to his disappointment that his are true-born English legs which can never learn French dancing steps. He is also fond of swearing and has developed a new way of swearing. We find him swearing, by gods balls and barrels, by Gods bullets and blades, by Gods levels and aims and so on. Then there is a satirical treatment of dueling. The manner in which Sir Lucius instigates Acres to send a challenge to Beverley is most amusing.Sir Lucius gives the following argument absurdly in favour of Acres sending a challenge to Beverley Can a man commit a more wicked offence against another than to fall in love with the same woman? The portrayal of Sir Lucius is also satirical. Sir Lucius is an Irishman, slowly duped by the maid-servant Lucy, who tells him that the love-letters which she brings for him have been sent by the seventeen-year old niece of Mrs. Malaprop. This wrong impression ultimately leads him to challenge Captai n Absolute to a duel and the manner in which Sir Lucius picks up a quarrel with Captain Absolute is itself very funny.The portrayal of Lydias tough old aunt is also satirical. We laugh at the contradiction in this elderly woman who puts restrictions on her niece, while herself falling in love with a tall Irish baronet and writing letters to him under the assumed name of Delia. Beverleys description of Mrs. Malaprop as an old weather-beaten, she-dragon is most amusing. One of the most striking features of The Rivals is witty dialogue. The manner in which Sir Anthony snubs and scolds his son for disobeying his wishes, the manner in which Captain Absolute deals with Mrs.Malaprop when he meets her first, Sir Lucius manner of dealing with Acres when he instructs Acres in the rules of dueling is also witty. Humorous and farcical situations are also generally found in a comedy of manner. Captain Absolutes disguising himself as Ensign Beverley and then unmasking himself when finally he has to face Lydia in his true character are such situations. Then there are two more farcical situations. One is that in which Captain Absolute tricks his father into believing that his is freeing to make up his quarrel with Lydia when his is actually going to fight a duel.The second is when David shouts to Sir Anthony to stop Absolute because there is going to be fight, murder, bloodshed and so on. Instead of moral sentiments, Sheridan gives quick and witty dialogues, fast moving actions with its exceedingly comic situations and above all the absence of any serious complication or conflict. Right from the extraction to the end, the play sends the audience into peals of laughter. The criticism that elements of sentimentality have penetrated into the play is based on misunderstanding.

Rushil Surapaneni

Computers eave led to space exploration, new designs of vehicles and other forms of transportation, increase in entertainment industry, and revolutionized medical and biological sciences to address healthcare issues. The Television Became commercially available in an data-based basis in the late sass, popularized greatly after World War II and has become unglamourous in homes, businesses, and institutions. Serves in many instances as the primary vehicle for entertainment, advertising, and news. During the sass, television became the primary medium for mildew public opinion and continues to do so at once.The Telephone First patented in 1876 by horse parsley Graham Bell and further developed by many others the telephone was the first device in history that enabled people to talk directly with each other across large distances. Became indispensable to businesses, government, and households, today some the of most and Has are fostered whole-wheat indwell used small appliances. Inv entions as both the cellular phone and the internet are a result Of the telephone system. Telephone has changed our mindset to a much complex government agency of thinking and continues to impact us as we move into the 21st century. The Logic screwing theSelections Overall, it came down to what saw was most practical and necessary for society and the modern world to exist the way it does today. Believe that the inventions chose revolutionized the socioeconomic standing of society to the point that allowed for radical changes in thought and ideology to foreshorten place due to these inventions. See the inventions of this world allowing for society to not only grow in the depict but also further advance into the future as they can be tinkered with to better optimise the potential of humankind in the long-run, whether it be technologically, socially, or economically.

Punjabi Woman: a Momentum Journey from Dark to Dawn Essay

Punjab is the base of Mata Kaushalia and Mata Sita, the self effacing wives and m other(a)s who would non thwart a commitment be by their husbands to a rival, even when that would contri neverthelesse their own life an unmitigated agony. The billet of Punjabi women as commandos in the battle- lines is no less glorious. Sada Kaur and Rani Sahib Kaur is remembered as ane of the spaciousest generals of her time even in the Afghan records those have successfully defended their kingdom against the attacks of the Marathas, Afghans and European adventurers and chased them away from the battlefield. This launchs the women of Punjab had an equal share in the re-building of India. Through Kuka, Nirankari, Arya Samaj, Dev Samaj, copulation and Akali movements, the women of Punjab has played an equ eachy praiseworthy role in the freedom struggle against the Britishers.This article is an effort to put a light on the operoseships of the Punjabi women that how they have stood shoulder to shoulder with their men in war and in peace and how they have cover their journey from dark to dawn. They gave up the pleasures of a princely home to fight for the emancipation of India., acquired the prominent places in the Indian administration, some became the starting time Health Minister of India and some of them became commanders of the Rani Jhansi Regiment of the Indian topic Army, and gave her life while fighting for Indias independence in Assam. Now they have grown from their hard times and today the enlighten women paved the way for them to adopt new professions especially in the field of law, medicine and teaching and existed as a New Woman with New Spirit__________Punjabi Woman A Momentum Journey from Dark to DawnMiss. RituAssistant professor in Laws ,KCL Institutes of Laws, Jalandhar.Women have great talent, but no genius for they always remain subjective, said Schopenhauer in World as Will and predilection. Greek philosophers thought a char is an unfinished man l eft standing at a lower step in the scale of development. The male is by nature superior and female inferior. The one is the ruler and the other ruled. Woman is weak of will and, therefore incapable of independence of character and position. much(prenominal) prejudices prevail even today. On the threshold of a new millennium the situation of woman is passive to be elevated to that of man. The position and status of women varied from time to time in the different societies. The primaeval Vedic times of the ancient period were free from many of the tender evils that harmed the Indian ball club in the later eras. At that time women were assigned high status in the incitey.But during the post-vedic period, women lost that status which she once enjoyed in society. She became a subject of protection and treated as a second frame citizen. In the great Indian mythology of Mahabharat the heroes of the legend, the Pandavas, lost their wife Draupadi in a card game She was offered aft (prenominal) their other valuables, like gold and land, had been lost in the gambling game. Against this backdrop it is significant that Sikhism, one of the originations youngest trusts, accorded women complete equality with men in all spheres of life.Guru Nanak Dev Ji (1469-1539), founder of the Sikh religion made Sikhism conform to enlightened, simple, practical, progressive and humane ideals right from its inception. Guru Nanak Dev Ji understood and appreciated the unifying role of women in society and worked for their emancipation. Sikh scriptures categorically state that man and woman together make society a composite and well balanced whole and should not be viewed as a scourge to one another. Women as multifaceted personalities had a significant role to play in society.Then wherefore call her evil from whom are great men born,And without woman none could existThe eternal entitle is the only one, O NanakWho depends not on woman? (Guru Granth Sahib, P. 473)Such thinking wa s revolutionary and far ahead(predicate) of the times. Bibi Nanaki, the elder sister of Guru Nanak, was a perfect example. The Guru was especially close to her and regarded her as his inspiration and mentor. Nanaki had implicit trustingness in her brothers ideology and shape upd him in his lifes mission and became the first person to be initiated into Sikhism by Guru Nanak. Guru Nanaks ideals were given a practical shape and consolidated by Guru Amar Das (1479 1574), the third Sikh Guru. He was a great champion of womens rights who based his concepts on complete gender equality and specified norms for ameliorating the status of women in medieval India. Guru Amar Das halt contemptuous references to women as mere child-bearing machines.Blessed is the woman who creates life, he wrote in the Granth Sahib. During his pontifications, he made sure women were provided opportunities to lead more meaningful lives which enabled them to actively participate in social and religious affairs. For the filename extension of the faiths ideology, he created twenty two administrative units called manjis or parishes. Of these four were headed by women which were unhearable of in those times. In status these four women were equal to modern Bishops because each enjoyed full economic and decision-making powers in spite of appearance her parish or manji. During the medieval age, train of women was again degrading. Muslim attacks made people to protect their ladies and compelled them to shut the weaker hinge on behind the four walls of the houses.Purdah system, polygamy, child marriage and other evils started creeping into the society which affected the condition of women. But still during that time many socio-religious movements like Sufism and Bhakti movement tried to emancipate women. The Sikh Gurus and their great ladies became social reformers, acknowledged the importance of woman and voiced their opinion against the prejudices of society like child marriage, sati syste m, purdah, implemented widowhood and others. With the creation of Khalsa on the Baisakhi day of 1699 by Guru Gobind Singh ji, Sikhism underwent a major transformation. The Khalsa was created to instill a fresh warmness of courage and confidence among the Gurus followers. Here again women were an integral part of the celebrations. At the time of victorious Amrit a man was given the name Singh (lion) and women added Kaur (princess) to their names. The suffix Kaur is of immense significance as a woman was recognised as an individual who need not take her husbands name by and by marriage. She could use the word Kaur after her name from birth to death.The word Kaur is derived from the word kanwar the son of a king. This empowers Sikh women, Apart from equality in socio-religious affairs, could participate in political matters as well, including leading an army into battle. This gave women in Sikhism a sense of enormous self-confidence. Guru Gobind Singhs widow Mata Sundari played a k ey role in Sikh history for forty momentous years. She issued Hukamnamas (decrees) to the Khalsa giving directions at a critical juncture and successfully guided the destiny of the Sikh against both the Afghan invaders and conglomerate claimants to the Guruship. Rani Sada Kaur, the brave mother-in-law of Maharaja Ranjit Singh is competently described as a first woman commander-in-chief. She became a young widow when her husband was killed in battle. She used this crisis to transform herself into a woman-warrior, donning a high turban and battlefield garb with full weaponry.She commanded many battles and eventually move the foundation for the Sikh empire. Rani Jinda, married to Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the mother of Dalip Singh, the ruler of Lahore kingdom, was the headspring behind the rising of 1848-49 against the British authorities. She was known for her intelligence and intrepid spirit, Jindan was one of the fewer persons who was intensely disliked and besides feared by th e British. She was the first female freedom fighter in the struggle to oust the British from India. After the annexation of Punjab by the Britishers in 1849, unhomogeneous changes occurred in the modern era of the Punjab. It was the period where on the one hand a tuff struggle for freedom was on the peak and on the other a concerted effort was also made to form a new woman. The Board of giving medication was formed by the Britishers and they started working for their vested interests which in return had some positive impact on the society of Punjab.Some socio-religious reform movements like Singh Sabha, Namdhari, Arya Samaj, Kukas and others began to develop in Punjab during the late nineteenth and early twentieth nose candy and played a significant role in the history of Punjab. They raised voice for women emancipation. They all fought against social evils like sati system, female infanticide, child marriage, purdah system, widowhood, polygamy, prejudices against female educatio n and many more. These social reformers opened various schools, colleges, gurukuls for girls in the different parts of Punjab. Most of the writings of the missionaries, colonial administrators or social reformers were the narrative of womens slow but progressive march towards modernity following a period of stagnation. These accounts gave importance to womens biological differences specification of their nature, the role played by them and categorized them into single strata irrespective of their class, caste and hierarchies of their age.A concerted effort was made by the vernacular press especially magazines, journals and newspapers through their editorials, articles, essays and others to motivate and encourage women who were having a segregated existence in the society. Female education was given importance and stress was laid on the domestic household work for girls in the early decades of 1900s. A new woman-educated, free from the adhesion of purdah, accomplished in domestic sk ills, devoted to the husband and family, an intelligent companion, an ideal mother, producer and nurturer of a buckram masculine race and custodian of tradition, was portrayed. Rich and higher classes wanted to educate their girls as the education became eligibility for their marriages, on the other hand, the poor and mid(prenominal)dle class people needed bread winners for their family.The journey from education to transaction by the girls in Punjab was crossed. The educational experiments of the government and reformers produced a new woman with interests that were beyond the household. The main objectives of their associations was to make society evil free and gave special attention to the female upliftment. The Chief Khalsa Diwan of Amritsar was established in 1902 to promote the spiritual, intellectual, moral, social, educational and economic welfare of the people and the girls of orphanage were sent to different schools in Punjab for get education. The Central Vidwa Ashram for the welfare of widows was also established where they were imparted technical and vocational education. The Sikh Educational Conferences were also conducted each year by the Diwan from 1908. From 1908 to 1947, thirty three sessions of the assemblage were held and all the issues dealing with female education were regularly discussed.The royal women of the different princely states like Nabha, Patiala, Jind and others were the patrons of the conference. These conferences made women of Punjab to come forward and they began to communicate with their counterparts outside their families and local communities. These later became a platform for the women to participate in public life and the freedom struggle for India. The initiation of Mahatma Gandhi and the Jallianawala Bagh tragedy of 1919 made women of Punjab to directly participate in the non-cooperation apparent motion of 1920-22. They held the meetings, led the processions, boycotted foreign goods, adopted the catchword of s wadeshi and indulged in the picketing of foreign cloth shops and liquor shops. Sarla Devi Chaudhrani, Parvati Devi of Kamalia, Puran Devi, Gauran Devi, Mrs. Duni Chand, Kumari Lajjavati, Lado RaniZutzhi were the few names who participated in the movement of 1920-22.The participation of 1920-22 was a sort of training programme for the future Satyagraha programmes of 1930-34 and 1940-42.Womens participation in Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930-32 differed quantitatively and qualitatively from their involvement in the early 1920s and won them a place in history. As the Dandi March was initiated by Gandhi in 1930, women of Punjab inaugurated the movement by taking out processions, prabhat pheris and holding meetings. fixity processions were led by women like in Lahore the life and soul of the movement was Lado Rani Zutshi, Parvati Devi,Kartar Kaur, Atma Devi and many others. As the women were participating in all these activities of the campaign, the government also started arresting these women participants. In the year 1932,that is, in the mid of the movement, the number of women convictions in Punjab was gradually increasing and on average ten women were convicted every month. Thus, it was the womens organizations and networks, develop between 1925 and 1930, that laid the ground work for their positive reaction to Gandhis call.The public participation of the women gained momentum. The completely India Womens Conference which was first organized in 1927 at Poona. The women of Punjab also participated in the twenty sessions of the conference from 1927-47. The participation was so important that one of the sessions of the conference was held at Lahore in 1931and Rajkumari Amrit Kaur belonging to the royal family of Kapurthala was a very active participant from Punjab in the conference. She was one of Gandhis closest lieutenants and took a leading part in protest marches which were subjected to ruthless lathi charges in Quit India Movement of 1942. The confere nce was also presided once by a Muslim lady of Punjab Lady Abdul Qadir of Lahore in 1933. Sarla Devi Chaudharani also represented Punjab and initiated various resolutions during the period of freedom movement in India. The women from Punjab also participated in some of the sessions of Indian National Congress and went to the different venues of the sessions.Women of other provinces also came to Punjab to enlighten their fellow sisters like Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi, Muthu lakshmi Reddi and others. The active women were even appointed as parliamentary secretaries and were elected to the Punjab Legislative Council. Shrimati Lekhawati Jain (the first elected lady member of the Punjab Legislative Council), Mrs. Jahahara Shah Nawaz, Mrs. Duni Chand,Shrimati Raghbir Kaur were the few other elected members. The most important consequence of this public participation was that it cleared the way for the women of Punjab to show presence in the nationalist movement of India. Before the last phase of the struggle 1940-47, many of the women in Punjab were members and some were even leaders of the student associations (Lado Rani Zutshi in Lahore), and other political movements.Today, the 21st hundred continued to witness Punjabi women in the forefront in different spheres, especially in Indias independence movement. Some other outstanding women freedom fighters of Punjab were Gulab Kaur, Kishan Kaur, Amar Kaur, Harnam Kaur, Dilip Kaur and Kartar Kaur. Contemporary Punjabi women are making a mark all over the world as academicians, administrators, entrepreneurs, politicians, doctors, poets and painters.An important aspect of the rights conferred on women in the Sikh faith was that they did not have to fight for their rightful place in Sikh society they were given their due voluntarily because of the enlightened ideals of the Gurus. In this way, the Punjabi women have proved that they are made of sterner stuff. They toiled, they fought, and they sacrificed. They believ ed in what they did. Indian history has put down the astonishing vitality and matchless deeds of the daring daughters of India especially the Punjab, who continue to serve the country in fields almost unknown in the past.REFERENCES* Geraldine Forbes, Women in Colonial India Essays on Politics, Medicine and Historiography, New Delhi, invoice Books, 2005, * Aparna Basu, The fictional character of Women in the Indian Struggle for Freedom in B.R. Nanda (ed), Indian Women From Purdah to Modernity * Manju Verma, The Role of Women in the Freedom Movement in Punjab. * The Working Women and Popular Movements in Bengal, Calcutta, K.P. Bagehi and Co. P.Custers, 1987. * Traditional Symbols and New Roles, The Womens Movement in India, in M.S.A. Rao (ed.), SocialMovements in India, Vol.II, Delhi, Manohar, and 1982, From Purdah to Politics the Social Feminism of the All India Womens Organizations, in Hanna Papanek and Gail Minault, 1982, Separate Worlds, Delhi, Chanakya Publications. * Chanana , K., Social Change or Social Reform The Education of Women in Pre-Independence India, in Chanana (ed.). * Jaspreet Singh, Style of the Lion The Sikhs and A Glimpse of theSikh.