Leininger’s Culture Care Theory of Nursing

Leiningers agri flori tillage Care Theory of NursingAround the world Madeline Leininger is considered the founder of the possibility of Culture Care Diversity and Universality and also for the discovery of the question regularity known as entho treat or trans pagan treat. She was the first defy to theorize about human apportion from a worldview rather than the rough-cut medical view. She is a creative, innovative, and visionary editor and author of 22 books, 265 articles, and 40 chapters foc utilise on trans cultural treat and human palm phenomena (Cohen). Leininger is a United States-born anthropologist in which she containd her knowledge and expertise in anthropology to her put on in nurse to create an idea that would greatly influence the manner in which keep backs commissiond for their clients as well as enlarge a scent out of self-awareness.In 1948, Leininger first received a diploma from St. Anthonys Hospital direct of Nursing in Denver, Colorado which quali fied her as a registered nurse. She pronto moved on to receive a bachelors degree in biologic science and soon thereafter earned masters degree in psychiatric nursing. Finally, she was the first nurse in history to study at a doctorate level and receive a PhD in cultural and social anthropology. She apply her roots in anthropology to put up nursing with a way to study wish well while taking into account good deals culture, beliefs, patterns, and set to provide culturally sensitive and congruous care to every persevering (McCance, McKenna, Boore).By the 1950s, Leininger began to formulate writings on nursing practice with a primary taper on caring and transcultural awareness (Cohen). In the late 1980s, Leiningers writings on her theory of transcultural nursing and cultural care were published in her Journal of transcultural Nursing in which Leininger defined caring as the essence and central domain of nursing practice(Cohen). The intention of this publication was to share scholarly work among nurses and others with an interest to incorporate transcultural nursing knowledge into their scope of practice. Her published theory states that caring is the central and unifying domain for the body of knowledge and practices in nursing (Leininger). Globally, she is considered one of nursings most prolific writers. Leiningers theory of transcultural care is satisfying and unique in the fact that it is the sole theory that focuses on co-op care that takes into consideration all cultures around the world (Cohen). It is predicted by the U.S. census Bureau, that by 2042, no single racial-ethnic group will hold a majority population position, and more(prenominal) than half of Americans will be members of a minority group (Varcarolis 2010). In a time when the world is ripening smaller and our society is encompassing and adopting more and more diverse cultures, it is imperative form that nurses are workmanlike in the ability to give culturally congruent care to perseverings in all wellnesscare settings.According to an article on globular leadership in transcultural practice, education, and research by Margaret Andrews, Leininger has identify triad key historical strains in the process of her development of the transcultural theory of nursing, according to one of her articles called The Evolution of Transcultural nursing with Breakthroughs to develop Status (2007). These phases serve to outline the development of transcultural nursing. During the first phase (1955-1975) Establishing the Field of Transcultural Nursing, Leininger acknowledged the relationships between nursing and anthropology, but kept a focus on nursing and the benefits of having a theory (Andrews). During the fleck phase (1975-1983) Program and Research Expansion for Transcultural Nursing, increasing amounts of nurses became enkindle in the valuable contribution of transcultural nursing around the world. And finally the third phase (1983-present) Establishing Tra nscultural Nursing Worldwide, is the period during which transcultural nursings global agenda is the primary focus.It all began when Leininger was working as a psychiatric clinical nurse specialist in a child counseling home in the 1950s when she experienced the unfamiliar feeling of culture shock. While at the guidance home she worked with children of various cultural backgrounds. She began to banknote a lack of sagaciousness amongst herself and the staff about how the childrens cultural backgrounds where influencing their behavior. From this, she came to the considerationination that caring is the central unit to nursing and being culturally competent is vital in order to deliver care to patients. She then began to develop strategies that would support the staff to incorporate congruent care to children with diverse cultures, patterns, and ways of life by developing a worldview and incorporating it into their technique.In the early 1960s, as a part of her doctoral studies i n cultural anthropology at the University of Washington, Leininger opinionated to reside with the people of New Guinea, in which no one had some(prenominal) familiarity, in order to further study this new idea of culturally based interventions (Cohen). She established herself in Gadsup, New Guinea for two days in which she opened her eyes to the values, world views, and beliefs about the health and infirmity of the villages and how they were crucial in delivering appropriate healthcare. When Leininger arrived in Gadsup she was baffled at how all in all different their world was from the one she left behind and she knew that the unfamiliarity would stay a tremendous challenge to her studies. However, Leiningers eagerness to study the meaning of healthcare to these people and how it influenced their wellbeing lead her to adapt and provide specific care that would be beneficial to people and families who were ill. Leininger believed that culture was universal framework to how peop le solve their problems. The experiences she encountered during her visit in Gadsup sprung the idea that beliefs about health and healthcare are imbedded in the values of the soulfulness or persons receiving the care and the understanding of these values and beliefs are critical for interventions to be successful in allowing the patient to heal and be cured. Transcultural nursing with a focus on caring must become the dominant focus of all areas of nursing. It is holistic and the most complete and creative way to help people (Leininger, 19815). A key factor that she derived from her experience was her newly discovered research method that she referred to as ethnonursing. The central idea of the enthnonurisng research method was to establish a naturalistic and largely emic method to study phenomena especially related to her culture care diversity and universality theory (Leininger McFarland). The terms Emic and Etic are used widely by anthropologists to refer to the way in which ob servations are viewed. The term etic refers to the behavior or belief of the observer of the culture. The term emic refers to the view from the person within the culture and this view is has largest influence on Leiningers studies considering that her work was concentrate on on the patients views in order to meet and understand concepts that were indigenous to them. Leininger applied ethnonursing for the study and analysis of the local or indigenous peoples viewpoints, beliefs, and practices about nursing care phenomena and the processes of designated cultures. She formulated this concept to take into account that nurses do not usually have the time to study the entity of peoples lifeways and interests, but that care is more geared toward the health patterns and phenomena.In an article written by McCance, McKenna, and Boore, a practical application of Leiningers theory was conducted by Barry Kronk in 1993. The purposed of this study was to educe knowledge of the culture of a grou p of Guatemalan refugees who fled to the United States payable to political unrest, extreme poverty, and persecution. The refugees major barrier to congruent care was the verbiage barrier that disabled the caregivers to provide culturally congruent care overdue to being unable to communicate the refugees cultural preferences. The knowledge that needed to be acquired of their culture included concept of health, health care beliefs, caring behaviors, and barriers to health care. In order to acquire these concepts the health care providers used methods of information collection such as observing, interviewing, life history, photography, and participating with the people in their own environment. When using these methods, Barry Kronk, were able to gather findings of the refugees such a relationship and social factors, educational factors, religious and political factors, traditional factors, belief factors, stinting factors, and previous health care factors. When applying Leininge rs transcultural care theory and diagnostic tools, Barry Kronk were able to provide a number of recommendations for the refugees in order to provide care. This study also conveys another concept that is unique to Leiningers theory in which the focus of caring may transcend the individual and focus on families, society, or communities as a client (Cohen 1992). Sometimes, culturally competent care cannot be focused on the person as central to nursing because in many cultures, such as those of Eastern or natural cultures, the term person or self does not linguistically pull round (Cohen 1992). In these cultures it is not uncommon to see that the concept of a clients health illness is due to a lack balance or unity within their community or tribe.Madeleine Leiningers culture care theory suggested three modes in which to facilitate nursing actions, judgments, and interventions to meet the heathcare needs of their patients in a culturally sensitive and congruent manner. The three mod es of care were preservation/maintenance, registration/negotiation, and repatterning/restructuring. ethnical preservation or maintenance refers to nursing care interventions that help clients of particular cultures to retain and preserve cultural care values when providing healthcare. Cultural care accommodation or negotiation refers to creative and innovative nursing actions that help people of different cultures adapt or negotiate with others in order to attain a goal of optimal health outcomes competent to the clients culture whether it be an individual, a family, or a community. Cultural care repatterning or restructuring refers to the therapeutic actions taken by the culturally competent nurse that enable the client to modify personal health behavior to fulfil beneficial outcomes while respecting the cultural values of the client . These assumptions are the philosophic basis in which Leininger has used to add meaning, depth, and clarity to the overall focus of culturally co mpetent care.Visual aid to her theory sunriseIt is painful what some women and men dare to do with their ideas in many places in the world. Creative thinking and actions are what the world needs most. Transcultural nursing has been an example of these attributes. While taking new actions may be troublesome to some people, yet new actions and new ideas can lead to a wealth of new knowledge and new ways to serve people. Transcultural nurses have taken such actions and are transforming nursing and health care in many places in the world (Leininger).