Compare The Immigration Policies In Two Countries History Essay

Comp are The Immigration Policies In Two Countries History shewAustralia and America during the duster Australia form _or_ system of presidential term flowing 1901 1973 Comparisons, Consequences the FutureWhen comparing and contrastiveiate the factors that shaped the immigration policies of the united States and Australia during the White Australia period of 1901-1973 it is apparent that at that place are some strong similarities in the policies, particularly in the areas of semipolitical science and economics. There are also defining differences in the contributing heathen factors with regard to the types of acresalism and identity that emerged indoors the dickens countries. Whilst some(prenominal) countries were im migratory nations, Australia has held on to its British heritage, whereas the unify States had become a world power in its own remunerate even before the British Empire fell. The grand size of the United States population has also played an immense fibre in its place in the global world of leading nations. Although the two nations are similar in geographical size, by 1901 the population of the United States was twenty times that of Australia (Aust. Beaureau of Statistics 2002 U.S. Bureau of the Census 1999). The enormity of the US make it less precautioned than Australia about fears of attack, or cosmos swamped by immigrants (Freeman Jupp, 1992, Preface). These factors render all contributed in some way to the diversity in the heathenishity of immigrants who colonized in the respective nations. Similarly the causas behind why they chose one arena over a nonher, were allowed into one country over another, or in the causal agent of Australia, were coerced into migrating to a foreign nation by means of free passage, must be considered. The similarities and differences in the immigration policies of these two countries will be discussed and compared passim this research essay with the aim to focus on how these factors stand contributed to on-going migrant populations and immigration polices within a global context.The initial immigration policies of both Australia and the United States shared many common factors and some differences. In the United States the San Francisco lucky Rush began during 1848. Many Mexi apprises and South Americans migrated to the region at this time to labor as miners. Initially the levels of Chinese migration as bullion diggers was relatively low it was not until 1852 that the numbers began to rise and by 1860 atomic number 20 had a total Chinese population of approximately 35,000 (Markus, 1979, pg.1). The levels of Chinese stack arriving became so high that accommodation sources were completely depleted and tents were pitched on the streets. From an economic perspective, fears began to rise that the mines were going to be fully over take outn by these migrants and the US miners began to retaliate, The state of war upon the Chinese began (Markus 1979, pg.4). Da ily expulsions began to take place with US miners tearing down Chinese tents and claims and mining codes were introduced that prevented Chinese from mining in certain districts. The Chinese were physically chased from claims and mining districts and murders were reported but rarely, if at all, were followed up by officials with no apprehension or punishment of offenders (Markus 1979, pg.6-7).Similarly, in Australia, the discovery of Gold near Bathurst in 1851 was the initial instigator for mass migration changes. front to this, migrants had been primarily convicts from Britain and Ireland. During the Gold Rush migrants began pouring into Australia from wide and varied backgrounds. amid 1851 and 1861 over 600,000 people migrated to Australia (Migration heritage Website, 2001). Whilst the vast majority were still from Britain and Ireland, immigrant levels from countries such(prenominal) as Europe, China, the United States, naked as a jaybird Zealand and the South Pacific began to rise (Migration Heritage Website, 2001). One of the largest migration groups were the Chinese, who with time, were seen by the Australian population as a fiscal threat to gild, just as they were in the United States. In both cases the number of Chinese migrants grew whilst gold yields slumped. However, unlike America , this economic concern introduced a change in culture in Australia , with racial pugnacity towards the Chinese due to their differences in appearance, customs and culture. In a nation tone towards maintaining its British white Australia indemnity these clashes were a major reason for the implementation of the Immigration Restriction Act at the time of confederation in 1901.Therefore, for both Australia and the US, Asian immigration caused the introduction of exclusionary policies. The White Australia Policy of 1901 effectively banned Asian immigration to Australia for the next fifty years (Migration Heritage Website, 2001). Similarly, in the US the Chinese Exclu sion Act passed by President Chester Arthur in 1882 prevented immigration of the Chinese for ten years. This act was after extended for another ten years and became changeless in 1902 (Harvard University library website, 2006). Interestingly, although the US did not make the Chinese Exclusion Act permanent until 1902, Australian legislators used this act as a model when exploitation the Immigration Act of 1901 (White Australia Policy), after considering the problems they saw occurring in the US during the Gold Rush years (Markus 1979, Intro pg.xiv).In Australia, unlike the US, the main complaints against the Chinese were initially economic but rapidly became cultural and political. The economic concerns began with claims predominately relating to the conception that Chinese were taking the gold that rightfully belonged to the homeland. Whilst Australia had initially tolerated early Chinese immigration under the hope that they would provide cheap labor, boosting the economic workingss population and opening the Northern parts of Australia to set(p)tlement (Markus 1979, pg. 20), this early valuation reserve did not take long to fade. Miners and the Australian ecumenic population began to take offense not only to the working habits of the Chinese, their so called clanning which gave them the advantage of working in large numbers and monopolising diggings, but also to their mannerisms, customs, religion and intensity (Markus 1979, pg. 21). Although these factors also played a role in the US answer to Chinese immigrants, it was not quite so significant in the racial sense, as it was in Australia. Hence, Australia put into place its White Australia Policy, particular(prenominal)ally aimed at excluding Asians, and later, non-desirable Europeans, whilst the US initially aimed their immigration policies predominantly at culling the amount of migrants from anyplace to their country. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1902 preceded the US immigration restriction acts of the 1920s, which eventuated in the National Origins Act of 1929, capping the overall immigration allowance to the US at 150,000 and completely prohibiting Asian immigration (Harvard University Library website, 2006). military man War I brought another change to the US immigration policies which had repercussions for Australia. In Australia when the First World War broke out in 1914, migration al more or less ceased altogether. Migrants from some countries antecedently thought of as acceptable were now classified as antagonist aliens (Migration Heritage Website, 2001). Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Bulgarians and Turkish immigrants faced internment in Australia or general restrictions on their daily lives. Altogether, about 7000 people were interned in camps in New Sout Wales. This happened again during the Second World War with Germans, Italians, Japanese, Hungarians and Jewish refugees being interned. No preference was given on the basis of refugee status or political sympat hies to the Jewish migrants. (Migration Heritage Website, 2001). In comparison, United States immigration between 1901 1973 can be categorized into three eras The New Immigration 1890 1930, The Depression War 1930 1965 and Third World Immigrations 1965 onwards (Judd Freeman, 1992, pg 9). During the New Immigration unprecedented amounts of immigrants land on American shores. most(prenominal) of these were young and predominantly male, providing laborers to work within the industrial uprising (Judd Freeman, 1992, pg 9). However, after the First World War the United States wanted to limit the amount of the no longer acceptable Europeans, particularly Southern Europeans, migrating to their nation. In turn this caused increasing numbers of young Greek and Italian men to pay their way instead to Australia (as just discussed). This cut on effect resulted in Australia implementing strict quota restrictions on these men (Judd Freeman, 1992, pg. 4). These migrants were escaping reli gious, racial, and political persecution, or seeking relief from a lack of economic opportunity or famine (Eyewitness to History website, 2000). We can see here the correlation coefficient between the two countries and the consequences that the United States immigration restrictions had on Australian policy makers, encouraging them to adopt racially discriminative immigration legislation.In Australia, range World War II and on into the 1950s and 60s Europeans continued to be granted immigration status, with the focus being greatly based on the be or perish idea and assimilation into Australian ball club and culture. Immigrants were expected to shed their existing cultural identities, including their native quarrels, to promote their rapid absorption into the host population (DFAT website, nd). Although Australia in theory unavoidablenessed and promote these migrants in order to increase the population through means of government work placement agreements, the conditions they w ere subject to on arrival were quite appalling. Most migrants arrived by ship, from where they were immediately taken to hostels for migrants that had been set up in awkward areas. The conditions were often very primitive, with men and woman separated into single call forth barracks, shared bathrooms and communal kitchens and dining rooms serving unfamiliar foods. The emplacement was not welcoming and there was an expectation that a migrant would need only four to six weeks in one of these hostels before being prepared to settle near their advanced (enforced) workplace. It was not until 1969 that family units opened at the Villawood migration centre in New South Wales (Migration Heritage Website, 2001).On the obstinate in the US things were very different. As they had no need to populate their already vastly inhabited nation, migration policy was largely prohibitive. From the 1930s right through until 1965 when the Immigration Nationality Amendments Act was passed, immigration was on the decline in the US. As a result of this, coupled with the fact that existing migrants were ageing, specific assimilation policies were not implemented. The emphasis was very much on Americanization and the melt down pot theory without an actual government act required (Judd Freeman, 1992, pg.8). With the button of the Immigration Amendments Act this all changed. The Third World immigration period began, bringing with it a new wave of immigrants, differing from those who had arrived before. The new law set an overall limit on immigration from the eastern hemisphere countries and capped, for the offset printing time, entries from the west. Family reunification was emphasized and refugee law was introduced (Freeman Jupp, 1992, pg.9). This Immigration Amendments Act reflected the civil rights cause taking place in the US, along with a movement toward the arrangement of good foreign relations with an economically rising Asia.As this new wave of migrants was hitting Amer ica, Australia also began to experience significant changes. It was recognized that immigrants could not be forced to become the New Australians(Freeman Jupp, 1992, p.184) when there were obvious, governmentally imposed, troth and social segregations for these new arrivals. Migrants were living, as a result of these segregations, in isolation and relative poverty(Freeman Jupp, 1992, p.184). Children were failing at school, only basic low paid employment was available for people with poor English speaking skills, and the topical anaesthetic Australians avoided contact with these people who were supposed to be assimilating into their society. Between 1965 and 1972 an consolidation Branch was implemented into the Department of Immigration (Freeman Jupp, 1992, p.186) which was a means to uphold migrants in as many aspects of their new Australian life as possible. It was a first attempt to make life easier for them, with English language schooling, welfare services, workplace te achings, etc. By 1972 the government had recognised that the migrant population in Australia formed a large part of society that deserved to be recognized and have their needs met. In 1973 Gough Whitlam abolished the White Australia Policy completely.In a comparison of both Australian and American immigration bill, it can be seen that whilst some issues were relatively similar or related, as noted above, that these two countries are actually very different in terms of migration. Many correlations can be drawn globally between the two nations, such as being English speaking, settler societies, or countries of immigrants, but the reasons behind their migration trends in most instances is completely different. Whilst Australias early, and most significant immigration population initially came from Britain, based on ethnic ties with the home country and Australias need for population, Americas first immigrants were volunteer migrants heading to a new land for a better life. The similar ities in the policies that both nations have adopted over time, is that they have caused a type of cultural pluralism (Ucarer Puchala, 1997, pg.341). In theory this means that all racial, religious and cultural groups are tolerated within one society. On the surface of both countries this is true. Blacks and whites work together, there are interracial marriages, everyone can vote and society does usually operate in a suitable manner. It is the problems under the surface of a long history of underlying racial tension that need to be addressed. These racial tensions fundamentally exist, not because of the immigration policies alone, but of how they were implemented into society for both locals and migrants. out-migration throughout history results from people around the world searching for homosexual security, whether it is economic, social, political or cultural, the search continues (Ucarer Puchala, 1997, pg.342). A possible global resolving power for nations, such as Australia and the United States, who are trying to control and constitute the flow of migration, would be to consider the adverse conditions that people are looking to escape and implement foreign policy to begin to change and supporter with these problems. Although these types of policies would take a great deal of time to implement, it seems worth considering as a plausible and humanitarian option rather than simply working to establish policies that are aimed at keeping prospective migrants out as per the existing legislation in both countries.